At the center of Symbiotic Earth is the life and work of Lynn Margulis, a scientist whose ideas reshaped modern biology. Margulis challenged the long-standing belief that evolution is driven primarily by competition. Through decades of persistence and collaboration, she demonstrated that symbiosis—organisms living and evolving together—is a fundamental force in the development of life. Her work in microbiology revealed that complex cells, including our own, exist because ancient bacteria formed lasting partnerships. Life advanced, she showed, not by conquest alone, but through cooperation.

What moved me most was how Margulis’s science quietly unsettles many of the stories we’ve come to accept about nature, progress, and power. If life thrives through interdependence, what does that suggest about economic systems built on extraction, or climate responses rooted in domination rather than care? The film doesn’t offer simple solutions, but it reframes the question itself: resilience may come from relationship, not control.

This is where the Bio4Climate screening felt especially meaningful. Bio4Climate’s work—across restoration, education, storytelling, and community building—is grounded in the understanding that ecosystems are living, interconnected networks. Watching Symbiotic Earth together felt like holding up a scientific mirror to that mission. The screening wasn’t just about learning something new; it was about recognizing ourselves in the science—as participants in living systems, not observers standing apart from them.

The film also portrays Margulis in a deeply human way: bold, collaborative, persistent, and unafraid to challenge convention in pursuit of truth. For those of us working at the intersection of climate, education, and community action, her story is both grounding and encouraging. It reminds us that transformative ideas often begin at the margins, grow through collaboration, and take time to be understood.

At a moment when climate conversations can feel overwhelming or abstract, Symbiotic Earth brings us back to first principles: life supports life. Watching it as a community amplified that message. It became not just a documentary, but a shared reflection on how we might move forward—more humbly, more relationally, and more attuned to the living world that sustains us.

The creator of Symbiotic Earth, John Feldman, has been a longtime friend and collaborator of Bio4Climate, and that history was deeply felt throughout the screening. His work on this film is exemplary—not only for its scientific depth and clarity, but for the care, patience, and respect with which he brings Lynn Margulis’s story to life. John’s presence at the screening made the experience especially meaningful. He engaged generously with questions, sharing insights into both the science and the long creative journey behind the film. It was a pleasure to hear his reflections, which highlighted the power of thoughtful storytelling and long-standing relationships in advancing a hopeful vision for a living planet.

Leaving the screening, I felt renewed. The film does not deny the seriousness of our environmental challenges, but it reframes them through possibility. Symbiogenesis—the idea that new life emerges when systems learn to work together—offers both a scientific insight and a hopeful guide. Beginning the year with this film, together as a community, felt like an act of alignment and optimism, grounded in how life has always evolved.

When we talk about climate change, the conversation often turns to rising seas, shrinking glaciers, burning forests, and collapsing ecosystems. Rarely do we hear about microbes the invisible majority of life forms that quietly sustain both ecological and human health. Yet within our guts, soils, and fermented foods lies a microbial frontier that may hold surprising answers to some of today’s greatest challenges.

Probiotics, often known as “good bacteria,” have long been celebrated for their digestive benefits. But recent research reveals that their influence stretches far beyond the gut. They regulate immune responses, contribute to mental health through the gut–brain axis, and even show potential in cancer therapy (Chakravarty et al., 2025). In parallel, climate scientists and food system researchers are beginning to recognize probiotics and fermentation as climate-adaptive allies supporting nutrition, reducing waste, and even helping mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

This blog explores the nexus of probiotics and climate resilience, weaving together biomedical insights, food system sustainability, and ecosystem metaphors. The story of probiotics, it turns out, is not just about yogurt—it’s about how microbial life itself may be a hidden partner in navigating a warming world.

What Are Probiotics and Why Do They Matter?

At their simplest, probiotics are living microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (Gibson et al., 2017). This definition, while broad, has expanded in fascinating ways. Scientists now speak of multiple categories:

• Nutribiotics: probiotic microbes in food or supplements that improve nutrition.

• Pharmabiotics: microbes or microbial components used as therapeutic medicines.

• Paraprobiotics: non-viable (inactivated) microbes that still provide benefits through structural components.

• Postbiotics: bioactive metabolites secreted by probiotics, such as short-chain fatty acids or antimicrobial peptides.

• Synbiotics: mixtures of probiotics and prebiotics that work synergistically (Chakravarty et al., 2025).

Historically, probiotics were associated with fermented foods: yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, and traditional drinks like kvass or kombucha. But today, they also appear in capsules, powders, and engineered formulations designed for specific clinical applications.

Mechanistically, probiotics work by:

1. Competitive exclusion of harmful microbes.

2. Production of bioactive substances like lactic acid or bacteriocins.

3. Immunomodulation of host defense systems.

4. Gut–brain axis regulation, influencing stress, mood, and cognition (Chakravarty et al., 2025).

In short, probiotics are not just “digestive aids” they are biotherapeutic agents with systemic effects.

Climate Change and the Microbiome: An Emerging Nexus

The idea that microbes connect to climate may feel counterintuitive, but consider two levels:

1. Planetary Scale: Soil, plant, and aquatic microbiomes regulate carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. Climate change disrupts these microbial communities, influencing greenhouse gas fluxes and ecosystem resilience.

2. Human Scale: Climate change affects what we eat, how we live, and our exposure to stress all of which shape our gut microbiome. In turn, our microbiome influences immunity, metabolism, and mental health, creating feedback loops between environment and physiology.

Gunawan et al. (2023) argue that climate change, aging, and gut microbiota are deeply interlinked. Rising temperatures, altered diets, and ecological stressors may reshape human microbial ecology, potentially accelerating age-related diseases and vulnerabilities.

Similarly, Upadhayay et al. (2023) highlight how plant probiotics beneficial microbes in soils and roots can help agriculture adapt to climate change by improving nutrient uptake, enhancing stress tolerance, and reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. The resonance between soil microbiomes and gut microbiomes is striking: both are foundations of resilience.

Fermentation as Climate-Smart Nutrition

One of the most immediate connections between probiotics and climate lies in food systems.

• Reducing waste: Fermentation extends the shelf life of perishable foods, reducing food loss in hot or resource-scarce regions.

• Energy efficiency: Traditional fermentation often requires minimal energy compared to industrial preservation methods.

• Dietary resilience: Fermented foods adapt to local crops and environments, offering culturally embedded strategies for climate-adaptive nutrition.

Indeed, global markets for functional and fermented foods are booming, projected to reach USD 275.7 billion by 2025 (Chakravarty et al., 2025). This surge reflects not only consumer interest in health, but also a recognition that fermentation aligns with sustainable, low-carbon food practices.

In many ways, fermentation is climate resilience you can taste—a microbial technology perfected by cultures across centuries, now poised to regain prominence in a warming world.

Probiotics and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

The climate link goes deeper. Some conceptual frameworks suggest that probiotics could reduce methane emissions in livestock systems. Livestock account for a significant share of anthropogenic methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By introducing probiotic strains that shift gut fermentation patterns in ruminants, researchers hope to lower methane production (Upadhayay et al., 2023).

While this field is in its infancy, the potential is profound: probiotics could become part of climate-smart feeding strategies, complementing plant-based diets, regenerative grazing, and methane-reducing feed additives.

Psychobiotics and Climate Anxiety

Beyond physical health, probiotics also intersect with the climate crisis at the level of mental health. The rise of “eco-anxiety” and climate-related trauma underscores the need for holistic resilience strategies.

Psychobiotics—probiotics that influence mood and cognition—may play a role here. Certain strains, like Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum, produce neurotransmitters such as GABA and serotonin, supporting stress regulation and emotional balance (Chakravarty et al., 2025).

In experimental and clinical settings, psychobiotics have shown promise in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (Jan et al., 2024). Applied in climate-impacted communities, they could become one element of broader adaptation strategies that also include green spaces, social support, and education.

Microbiome as a Metaphor for Climate Resilience

There is also a powerful metaphorical lesson:

• A biodiverse soil ecosystem resists collapse under stress.

• A diverse gut microbiome supports health even in challenging conditions.

• Similarly, diverse ecological and cultural systems are more resilient to climate shocks.

The parallel between microbiome health and planetary health invites us to reframe climate action not as separate from human health, but as deeply entangled. Caring for microbial diversity in soil, food, and guts, becomes part of caring for Earth’s resilience.

Challenges, Risks, and Ethical Considerations

We must be cautious in celebrating probiotics as a panacea. Key challenges include:

• Causality and complexity: Human and ecological microbiomes are immensely complex; causal pathways are hard to prove.

• Safety and regulation: Engineered or novel probiotic strains may have unintended effects. Regulatory frameworks struggle to keep pace.

• Equity and access: Probiotic therapies and products must be affordable and culturally adapted to avoid reproducing health inequities.

• Unintended consequences: Manipulating microbiomes—whether in humans or ecosystems—risks disrupting delicate balances.

As Chakravarty et al. (2025) emphasize, further research is needed into probiotic interactions and mechanisms before large-scale deployment.

Future Directions: Toward a Microbial Climate Ethic

Looking forward, several pathways beckon:

1. Personalized Probiotics: Tailoring microbial interventions based on individual microbiome profiles, much like precision medicine.

2. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Using probiotics not only in human diets but also in plant and livestock systems to reduce environmental impacts.

3. Integrated Mental Health: Incorporating psychobiotics into climate adaptation plans, particularly for vulnerable communities facing eco-anxiety.

4. Circular Economies: Leveraging fermentation and microbial processes to transform waste streams into valuable food and therapeutic products.

5. Policy Integration: Linking microbial health to climate and health policies under a “planetary health” framework.

Ultimately, probiotics invite us to embrace a microbial climate ethic—recognizing that the tiniest life forms play outsized roles in sustaining health and ecosystems.

Conclusion: From Yogurt to Planetary Health

Probiotics may seem like a small story a cup of yogurt, a capsule on a pharmacy shelf. Yet when viewed through the lens of climate and sustainability, they become part of a much larger narrative.

They remind us that resilience is microbial at its roots. Just as diverse gut bacteria protect our health, diverse ecosystems protect our planet. Just as probiotics balance human physiology, microbial stewardship may help balance Earth’s climate systems.

In a warming world, perhaps the future of health and climate resilience is not only written in the skies or oceans, but also in the quiet labor of microbes. Our task is to learn from them and to let their resilience inspire our own.

References

Abouelela, M., Ahmed, H. E., & El-Sayed, M. (2024). Next-generation probiotics: A new frontier for health and disease management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15(3), 210–225.

Chakravarty, K., Gaur, S., Kumar, R., Jha, N. K., & Gupta, P. K. (2025). Exploring the multifaceted therapeutic potential of probiotics: A review of current insights and applications. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 17(3), 341–363.

Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K. S., Cani, P. D., Verbeke, K., & Reid, G. (2017). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14(8), 491–502.

Gunawan, J., Lim, H. L., & Ng, K. H. (2023). Climate change, aging, and gut microbiota: Interlinked pathways for resilience and vulnerability. Environmental Research, 220, 115146.

Jan, A., Zafar, H., & Malik, A. (2024). Psychobiotics and mental health: Current evidence and future directions. Trends in Neurosciences, 47(2), 112–128.

Upadhayay, R. K., Sharma, A., & Chauhan, S. (2023). Plant probiotics and their role in climate-smart agriculture: A sustainable perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 406, 136932.

Guest Blogger Bio

This guest blog is written by Kashyapi Chakravarty, an expert in food microbiology and biotechnology, and the Head of Research at the Global Climate Association. With deep experience in studying the intersection of microbial life, food systems, and sustainability, Kashyapi brings a unique perspective on how probiotics long valued for their health benefits can also be understood as allies in the fight against climate change. Her insights connect cutting-edge microbiome science with broader questions of resilience, equity, and planetary health.

👉 This blog was edited and published by Dr. Poulomi Chakravarty, Founder of the Global Climate Association.

👉 Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official stance of any affiliated organizations.

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Water is at the heart of human civilization, and yet it is increasingly at the center of global crises. Floods, droughts, and heatwaves—once considered seasonal anomalies—are becoming defining features of the 21st century. The World Meteorological Organization’s State of Global Water Resources Report 2024 (WMO-No. 1380) (WMO, 2025) offers a sobering account of how climate change is intensifying hydrological extremes worldwide. The report compiles evidence from Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania, linking case studies of devastating floods and prolonged droughts to global climate drivers and human vulnerability.

This blog distills the key insights of the WMO report and situates them alongside recent extreme events: torrential rainfall and flooding in India, Punjab (Pakistan), Texas, and Himachal Pradesh; and deadly heatwaves across continents. By weaving science, case evidence, and policy perspectives, we explore how water is both a victim of climate change and a lever for building resilience.

Understanding Hydrological Extremes

Floods and droughts are not new phenomena, but their frequency, scale, and impacts are changing. Floods occur when rainfall or snowmelt exceeds the absorptive capacity of soils, rivers, or infrastructure. Droughts, by contrast, develop when precipitation deficits persist, leading to soil desiccation, reduced streamflows, and groundwater depletion. Both extremes are magnified by climate change.

The WMO (2025) highlights that 74% of natural disasters recorded between 2001 and 2018 were water-related. From 2000–2019, floods affected 1.65 billion people and droughts 1.43 billion people. Together, they caused trillions in economic losses. These disasters disproportionately strike vulnerable populations, especially in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, where agriculture and livelihoods depend heavily on water availability.

At the scientific level, the intensification of the hydrological cycle is linked to global warming. Warmer air holds about 7% more water vapor per 1°C rise in temperature (IPCC, 2023). This enhances both the risk of heavier rainfall events and the likelihood of soil moisture evaporation during dry spells.

Regional Perspectives

Africa

The continent faces a dual burden: recurrent droughts in the Horn of Africa and destructive floods in the Sahel and Southern Africa. Between 2019 and 2023, five consecutive failed rainy seasons left 22 million people food insecure in East Africa (WMO, 2025). At the same time, flash floods in Sudan and South Sudan displaced millions.

Asia

Asia is the epicenter of hydrological extremes. Monsoon variability brings both catastrophic floods and crippling droughts. South Asia accounts for nearly 40% of global flood impacts (WMO, 2025). Current events in Punjab, Pakistan, illustrate how intensified rainfall can overwhelm fragile infrastructure. Meanwhile, heatwaves in India during 2023 and 2024 broke records, pushing wet-bulb temperatures close to survivability thresholds.

Pakistan 2022, Photo by Umar Farooq on Unsplash

Europe

Europe has traditionally emphasized river management, yet the July 2021 floods in Germany and Belgium exposed vulnerabilities. Southern Europe also faces worsening drought, with Spain and Italy recording the lowest rainfall in decades.

The Americas

From hurricanes in the Caribbean to megadroughts in the U.S. Southwest and Brazil, the Americas experience extremes across the spectrum. Texas recently faced torrential rains that triggered flash floods, while California alternates between drought and atmospheric river events. In South America, drought in the La Plata Basin continues to disrupt agriculture and hydropower.

Oceania*

Australia epitomizes climate variability. After years of drought and bushfires (2019–2020), it swung to destructive flooding during La Niña years (2021–2022). Pacific Island nations face compound risks from sea-level rise, storm surges, and water scarcity.

*In WMO reports, Oceania refers to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Island nations, which face challenges such as droughts, bushfires, sea-level rise, and tropical cyclones. The Americas encompasses North, Central, and South America, along with the Caribbean, capturing extremes from U.S. megadroughts to Amazon floods and Caribbean hurricanes.

Case Studies of Extreme Events

Kerala, India (2018 Floods)

Kerala’s 2018 floods demonstrated how extreme rainfall, coupled with mismanaged reservoirs, can lead to disaster. Rainfall was 164% above average during peak weeks, displacing more than a million people (WMO, 2025).

Punjab, Pakistan (2024 Floods)

In August 2024, Punjab experienced one of its worst floods in decades. Record-breaking rainfall inundated vast agricultural lands. Over 300 fatalities were reported, and millions were displaced. The event was fueled by monsoon surges intensified by warming Arabian Sea surface temperatures. It highlighted vulnerabilities in cross-border river basin management, as floodwaters spilled into Indian Punjab.

Texas, United States (2025 Floods)

In May 2025, Texas was struck by torrential rains, with some areas recording over 500 mm in just 72 hours. Flash floods submerged highways, forced mass evacuations, and caused billions in damages. Houston, already prone to flooding from hurricanes, once again faced infrastructure collapse. Warming in the Gulf of Mexico has been linked to such “rain bombs” (WMO, 2025).

Recent Flood Events in North India and Pakistan (2025)

The South Asian monsoon of 2025 has already provided a stark reminder of the risks highlighted in WMO Report 1380. Several regions across India and Pakistan were battered by record-breaking rainfall and severe floods.

Bingley Floods 2015 Boxing Day Photo by Chris Gallagher on Unsplash

Himachal Pradesh, India

In July 2025, Himachal Pradesh faced cloudbursts and landslides after receiving over 300 mm of rain in less than 48 hours. Rivers such as the Beas and Sutlej overflowed, submerging towns like Mandi and Kullu. More than 150 people lost their lives, and thousands were displaced as bridges and homes collapsed.

Punjab, India

In August 2025, Punjab plains were inundated following continuous heavy rainfall combined with upstream dam releases. Villages in Ferozepur, Ludhiana, and Patiala districts were flooded, forcing over 200,000 people into temporary shelters. Agricultural losses were severe, especially for paddy crops close to harvest.

Punjab, Pakistan

Across the border, Punjab province endured parallel devastation. Torrential downpours in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Multan triggered urban flooding, with water levels waist-deep in city streets. Over 250 fatalities were reported, and health crises emerged as floodwaters contaminated drinking supplies.

Cross-Border River Basin Dynamics

The Indus and Sutlej river systems carried unprecedented volumes of water during the 2025 floods. Upstream dam releases in India aggravated downstream flooding in Pakistan, underscoring the urgent need for transboundary water-sharing agreements and real-time data exchange (WMO, 2025).Global Climate Drivers

Extreme events are shaped by large-scale climate drivers:

• ENSO: Drives droughts in South Asia and floods in South America.

• Indian Ocean Dipole: Intensifies East African rains while suppressing rainfall in Indonesia.

• Monsoons: South Asia’s monsoon sustains agriculture but also triggers floods.

• Arctic amplification: Disrupts jet streams, prolonging heatwaves and floods.

These drivers interact with climate change, producing compound risks—such as simultaneous floods in one region and droughts in another.

Climate Change, Water Resources, and Extreme Events

Climate change has destabilized the global water cycle. The WMO (2025) stresses that both floods and droughts are intensifying, creating systemic risks.

• Floods affected 1.65 billion people globally from 2000–2019.

• Droughts affected 1.43 billion people in the same period.

• Heatwaves in India (2023–2024) exceeded 48°C, killing hundreds, while Europe’s 2022–2023 heatwaves caused over 60,000 excess deaths (WMO, 2025).

  These extremes reveal how water resources are trapped between “too much” and “too little.”

Global Monitoring and Early Warning Systems

Advances in meteorology, hydrology, and digital communication are transforming how societies anticipate and respond to floods, droughts, and storms. The WMO (2025) underscores that early warning systems (EWS) are among the most effective tools for saving lives, especially when warnings reach communities in time and in formats they understand.

Nowcasting and Short-Term Forecasts

• India: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides thunderstorm nowcasts for 450+ stations, issuing warnings with a lead time of 1–3 hours.

• Europe: The European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) and national weather services employ radar and satellite data for high-resolution nowcasts of severe convective storms.

• United States: The National Weather Service (NWS) issues storm-based warnings using Doppler radar, improving accuracy in tornado and flash flood alerts.

Mobile Applications and Digital Outreach

• India’s DAMINI App delivers real-time lightning alerts based on sensor networks, warning users within a 20 km radius of a strike.

• Africa: The “African SWIFT” project has piloted mobile-based weather alerts in East and West Africa, reaching farmers and pastoralists.

• Latin America: Countries like Brazil and Colombia use SMS and WhatsApp-based alerts for flash floods and landslides in vulnerable communities.

Satellite Observations

• Global: The NASA–NOAA GOES satellites, the European Copernicus Sentinel program, and Japan’s Himawari series provide near-real-time data on rainfall, cloud cover, soil moisture, and snowpack.

• Africa and Asia: Satellites bridge gaps where ground-based stations are sparse, supporting rainfall estimation and drought monitoring.

• WMO’s Global Hydrological Status and Outlook System (HydroSOS) integrates satellite and ground data for river basin monitoring worldwide.

Integrated Forecasts and Basin-Level Risk Models

• Europe: The European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) provides 10-day probabilistic forecasts for river basins, supporting transboundary preparedness.

• United States: The National Water Model integrates weather forecasts with river hydraulics to predict flows across 2.7 million stream reaches.

• South Asia: The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) links meteorological agencies with hydrological models for basin-wide flood forecasts.

Why It Matters

Evidence shows that early warnings reduce fatalities by up to 80% compared to areas without such systems (UNDRR, 2020). In Bangladesh, improved cyclone early warnings have cut deaths by more than 90% since the 1970s. In India, WMO (2025) reports that coordinated thunderstorm and lightning warnings have halved annual casualties within just a year of implementation.

The Global Challenge

Despite progress, only half of WMO member states currently have multi-hazard early warning systems that reach vulnerable populations (WMO, 2025). Least developed countries and small island states remain most exposed due to gaps in funding, infrastructure, and communication networks. Bridging this gap is a global priority under the UN “Early Warnings for All” initiative, which seeks to ensure universal coverage by 2027.

Policy and Governance Dimensions

The Sendai Framework (2015–2030) stresses four priorities: understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in resilience, and preparing for recovery.

Shared rivers like the Indus and La Plata highlight the need for transboundary water governance. Locally, urban planning must avoid floodplains, and rural watershed restoration is essential.

Key Points from the Executive Summary

1. Hydrological extremes defined 2024
   The year 2024 was characterized by stark contrasts in water availability. Severe droughts gripped regions such as South America, Southern Africa, and the Mediterranean, while catastrophic floods struck parts of Asia and East Africa. These patterns underscore the increasing variability of the global hydrological cycle under a changing climate (WMO, 2025).

2. Global monitoring expanded
   The report is based on an unprecedented integration of data from over 2,140 river discharge stations, global hydrological models, and satellite observations. This blended approach enables higher-resolution mapping of river flows, soil moisture, and groundwater conditions, strengthening the evidence base for global water assessments (WMO, 2025).

3. Soil moisture and groundwater depletion worsening
   Persistent soil moisture deficits were documented across large swaths of agricultural land, particularly in Central Asia, the Mediterranean basin, and the U.S. Southwest. Groundwater reserves, already overstressed by irrigation withdrawals, continued to decline, raising concerns about long-term agricultural sustainability (WMO, 2025).

4. Cryosphere-driven impacts
   Snowpack and glacier melt once again played a decisive role in shaping water supplies across Asia’s great rivers, including the Indus, Ganges, and Yangtze. Early snowmelt and accelerated glacier retreat altered river discharge patterns, creating mismatches between water supply and seasonal demand downstream (WMO, 2025).

5. Compound and cascading events
   The report highlights the simultaneity of disasters in 2024: while floods inundated South Asia and East Africa, droughts deepened across South America and the Horn of Africa. These overlapping events stressed global food systems, disrupted hydropower, and triggered humanitarian crises in multiple regions simultaneously (WMO, 2025).

6. Regional inequities remain stark
   Countries with limited hydrological monitoring infrastructure, particularly in Africa and parts of Asia, remain disproportionately vulnerable. The lack of dense monitoring networks hampers early warning capacity and limits the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies. This inequity reinforces the global call for targeted investments in data and technology (WMO, 2025).

7. Energy and food security at risk
   Hydrological extremes had cascading impacts on energy and food production. Prolonged drought in the La Plata Basin cut hydropower output by nearly 50% in some areas, while floods in Asia destroyed crops across millions of hectares. Such shocks reinforce the water–food–energy nexus as a critical focus for resilience planning (WMO, 2025).

8. Policy alignment with global frameworks
   The findings directly support the UN Early Warnings for All initiative, which seeks universal multi-hazard early warning coverage by 2027, and align with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030). The report calls for embedding water assessments into national climate policies and disaster risk management systems (WMO, 2025).

9. The urgency of adaptation
   A central message of the report is that water is both a victim of climate change and a solution pathway. Better monitoring, forecasting, and integrated water resources management can reduce disaster losses and strengthen resilience. Without rapid scaling of adaptation measures, however, the costs of inaction will grow exponentially (WMO, 2025).

Top Ten Takeaways

1. Hydrological extremes dominate disasters.

2. Climate change amplifies water risks.

3. 2.3 billion people face water stress.

4. Asia and Africa bear the brunt.

5. Compound events are rising.

6. Even wealthy nations are vulnerable.

7. Heatwaves magnify stress.

8. Monitoring systems save lives.

9. Governance is central.

10. Resilience is achievable.

Recommendations for the Future

• Integrate water management across floods, droughts, and heatwaves.

• Expand early warnings to all vulnerable communities.

• Restore ecosystems as natural buffers.

• Plan climate-proof infrastructure.

• Prioritize equity for vulnerable populations.

• Strengthen cross-border cooperation.

Conclusion

The WMO (2025) report makes one fact clear: the global water cycle is changing in ways that endanger lives, livelihoods, and ecosystems. Floods, droughts, and heatwaves are no longer isolated anomalies but systemic risks intensified by climate change. The devastating floods in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab (India and Pakistan), and Texas, alongside relentless heatwaves, show that no region is immune. Yet hope lies in foresight, cooperation, and resilience. With robust monitoring, adaptive governance, and ecosystem restoration, societies can turn water from a source of crisis into a foundation for survival and stability in a warming world.

References

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2023). AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. Geneva: IPCC. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2020). Human cost of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years, 2000–2019. Geneva: UNDRR. Retrieved from https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-cost-disasters-overview-last-20-years-2000-2019

World Meteorological Organization. (2025). State of global water resources report 2024 (WMO-No. 1380). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/69629-state-of-global-water-resources-report-2024

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

If true, this is more than a meteorological curiosity. It suggests shifts in atmospheric circulation with profound implications for water security, agriculture, biodiversity, and disaster risks across both South and Central Asia.

The Himalayan Wall: Nature’s Climate Regulator

The Himalayas act as a colossal barrier shaping India’s monsoon climate. By forcing warm, moist winds to rise and condense, they generate the rains that sustain nearly one-fifth of humanity. Their functions include:

• Moisture trapping: Preventing northward escape of monsoon winds, ensuring India and Nepal receive bulk rainfall.

• Seasonal anchoring: Helping stabilize the timing and strength of the monsoon system (Kuang, 2010).

• Climate partitioning: Keeping the Tibetan Plateau relatively dry, while intensifying the South Asian summer monsoon.

When winds breach this wall, even episodically, rainfall distribution shifts potentially drying some Indian regions while flooding Himalayan valleys and Tibetan plains.

Wind Movement across Indian Subcontinent image by India Meteorological Department

Biodiversity: A Hidden Climate Infrastructure

The Himalayas are not only stone, they are one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in the world. This living infrastructure performs essential climate functions (Xu et al., 2017):

• Moisture recycling: Forests, wetlands, and alpine grasslands release water vapor through evapotranspiration, enhancing monsoon circulation.

• Hazard buffering: Diverse vegetation stabilizes slopes, reducing the risks of landslides, debris flows, and floods during heavy rainfall.

• Carbon sequestration: Himalayan ecosystems capture and store vast carbon stocks, moderating global climate change.

• Water regulation: Intact forests and soils slow runoff, recharge aquifers, and moderate seasonal water availability in the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus basins.

• Cultural and livelihood support: Biodiversity underpins traditional practices, medicines, and livelihoods for mountain communities.

But this biodiversity is under threat. Deforestation, infrastructure expansion, and warming temperatures are eroding natural resilience. Loss of forests and wetlands weakens the very systems that help regulate rainfall and buffer climate extremes.

What Happens If Cross-Overs Intensify?

Scientific studies show that cross-Himalayan “up-and-over” transport already supplies part of the Tibetan Plateau’s rainfall (Dong et al., 2016; Gupta et al., 2017). If climate change makes such surges stronger or more frequent:

• South Asia could lose rainfall stability: Critical farming regions may experience reduced or delayed monsoon rains (Singh et al., 2022).

• The Tibetan Plateau may see hydrological upheaval: Rain on glaciers and permafrost will accelerate melting and destabilize rivers (Liu et al., 2024).

• Disaster risks could escalate: Compound events—monsoon surges colliding with western disturbances may cause devastating floods, landslides, and cloudbursts (Sangomla, 2025).

Biodiversity stress will deepen: Species adapted to narrow climate bands may face extinction, reducing the natural resilience of Himalayan ecosystems (Xu et al., 2017).

Linking Biodiversity and Climate Security

What emerges is clear: the Himalayas are both a stone wall and a living wall. Their forests, grasslands, and wetlands regulate rainfall, store carbon, and protect vulnerable communities from disaster. Weakening this wall by losing biodiversity or destabilizing monsoon circulation threatens both ecological integrity and human survival.

Policies that protect Himalayan biodiversity through forest conservation, restoration of degraded ecosystems, and community-based stewardship are therefore not just ecological goals but climate-security imperatives.

Conclusion

The reported 2025 breach of the Himalayas by monsoon winds may be an early sign of systemic change. Whether rare anomaly or new norm, it highlights the Himalayas’ dual role as a climatic and ecological shield. Protecting their biodiversity is not optional; it is essential to safeguarding water, food, and disaster resilience for over a billion people.

References

Dong, W., Lin, R., Wright, J. S., Ming, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, B., Luo, Y., Huang, W., Huang, J., Wang, L., Tian, L., Peng, Y., & Xu, F. (2016). Summer rainfall over the southwestern Tibetan Plateau controlled by deep convection over the Indian subcontinent. Nature Communications, 7, 10925. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10925

Gupta, A. S., Wright, J. S., Pan, C., Dong, W., & others. (2017). Indian monsoon low-pressure systems feed up-and-over moisture transport to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(21), 11,394–11,410. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027296

Liu, T., Zhou, Y., & Wang, J. (2024). Precipitation and soil moisture variation over the Tibetan Plateau to the anomaly of Indian summer monsoon from 1979 to 2019. Remote Sensing, 16(6), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061014

Sangomla, A. (2025, September 9). Did southwest monsoon moisture cross the Himalayas and reach the Tibetan Plateau in 2025? Down To Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/did-southwest-monsoon-moisture-cross-the-himalayas-and-reach-the-tibetan-plateau-in-2025

Singh, R., Jaiswal, N., & Kishtawal, C. M. (2022). Rising surface pressure over Tibetan Plateau strengthens Indian summer monsoon rainfall over northwestern India. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 8621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12523-8

Xu, J., Grumbine, R. E., Shrestha, A., Eriksson, M., Yang, X., Wang, Y., & Wilkes, A. (2017). The melting Himalayas: Cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Regional Environmental Change, 9(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.01.002

Zee News. (2025, September 11). Monsoon crosses the Himalayas into Tibet: Are bigger disasters ahead? https://zeenews.india.com/india/monsoon-crosses-the-himalayas-into-tibet-are-bigger-disasters-ahead-2958669.html

Zhiming Kuang.(2010, January 14) Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. . Heat, moisture from Himalayas could be a cause of the South Asian monsoon. Harvard University. https://seas.harvard.edu/news/2010/01/heat-moisture-himalayas-could-be-cause-south-asian-monsoon

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

While extreme rainfall events are undoubtedly part of the story, experts argue that these floods are not simply “natural disasters.” Instead, they are the sum total of human choices—deforestation, weak embankments, floodplain encroachment, and unregulated construction that obstructs natural drainage (Down to Earth, 2025).

Deforestation and Fragile Slopes

The Himalayan states face accelerating deforestation due to road expansion, hydroelectric projects, and unchecked construction. Forests provide natural slope stability, absorb rainwater, and regulate runoff. When hillsides are stripped bare, the capacity of the land to hold water diminishes, making intense rainfall far more destructive. This is one of the reasons behind recurring landslides and cloudburst disasters in Himachal Pradesh.

The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh acknowledged in a recent interview that climate change is driving the scale of destruction, with extreme rainfall combining with fragile, deforested slopes to trigger catastrophic floods and landslides (NDTV, 2025b).

Cloudbursts, Landslides, and Climate Change

Erratic rainfall patterns—cloudbursts in particular—are becoming the new normal across India. Reports show that in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Delhi, this year’s monsoon brought unusually high rainfall in a short time span, overwhelming drainage systems (The Hindu, 2025). Such events are linked to climate change–driven shifts in atmospheric circulation. But the impacts are worsened by local ecological damage, including the removal of forests and obstruction of natural waterways.

As the Outlook (2025) article emphasizes, weather alone cannot be blamed—unchecked development in floodplains and on hillsides multiplies risks. Roads, tourist resorts, and urban sprawl built without ecological safeguards are blocking natural drainage, creating artificial choke points that magnify flood intensity.

Human Drivers of Climate Disasters

The recent floods in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh highlight how hydroclimatic extremes are being amplified by human-made changes to the landscape. While heavy rainfall and cloudbursts are meteorological triggers, the scale of destruction is strongly linked to deforestation, slope destabilization, floodplain encroachment, and unregulated construction. Forests in the Himalayan region serve as natural buffers by anchoring soil, absorbing rainfall, and regulating runoff; their removal reduces infiltration and accelerates landslides and flash floods. Similarly, when natural drainage channels are obstructed by roads, resorts, and urban sprawl, cloudbursts translate more rapidly into destructive floods (Outlook, 2025; Down to Earth, 2025). As the Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister emphasized, climate change is magnifying these risks, but it is human land-use decisions that convert extreme weather into cascading disasters of landslides and floods (NDTV, 2025b). This dynamic echoes broader disaster-risk frameworks, which note that vulnerability and exposure, not weather alone, determine the magnitude of losses (NDMA, 2019).

From Disaster to Resilience

The recent floods highlight that climate adaptation cannot succeed without ecosystem restoration. Protecting forests, rewilding degraded lands, and enforcing strict no-construction zones along rivers and slopes are crucial. Communities must be involved in planning, and policymakers must integrate disaster risk reduction with ecological restoration.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), adopted by India, emphasizes reducing disaster risk through better governance and ecosystem-based resilience (NDMA, 2019). For states like Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, this means going beyond relief to long-term strategies that safeguard both people and nature.

The message is clear: If deforestation and unplanned construction continue unchecked, extreme weather events like cloudbursts and landslides will only become deadlier. But if we act now—restoring forests, respecting rivers, and redesigning development with nature in mind—we can transform these disasters into opportunities for resilience.

Way Forward: Restoring Ecosystems for Resilience

• Protect and restore forests to stabilize slopes, enhance soil water retention, and reduce landslide and flood risk.

• Designate strict no-construction zones along rivers, floodplains, and fragile mountain slopes.

• Rewild degraded lands using native vegetation to rebuild ecosystem “sponge” functions that slow runoff and absorb rainfall.

• Integrate early warning systems (e.g., cloudburst and landslide alerts) with community-based disaster preparedness.

• Enforce ecological safeguards in road building, hydropower, and urban expansion to prevent obstruction of natural drainage.

• Adopt watershed-scale planning to manage upstream–downstream linkages between forests, rivers, and settlements.

• Strengthen disaster-risk governance by aligning state policies with the Sendai Framework’s resilience priorities.

• Promote community participation in forest management, flood monitoring, and local climate adaptation initiatives.

Policy Priorities for Reducing Climate Disaster Risk

• Enforce strict zoning regulations to prohibit construction on floodplains and unstable mountain slopes.

• Prioritize large-scale forest restoration and soil–water conservation to reduce slope instability and runoff.

• Integrate cloudburst and landslide early warning systems into district-level disaster management protocols.

• Mandate ecological impact assessments for all road, hydropower, and urban development projects.

• Implement watershed-based planning to address upstream–downstream linkages in flood and sediment management.

• Align state policies with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and India’s NDMA guidelines.

• Allocate dedicated budget lines for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction.

Community Steps Toward a Safer Future

• Plant and protect forests that hold water, prevent landslides, and keep rivers healthy.

• Say no to unsafe building on riverbanks, floodplains, and fragile hillsides.

• Restore degraded lands with native plants to bring back the natural sponge effect of soil.

• Use early warning alerts for floods and landslides and help spread the word in local communities.

• Keep natural water channels open—don’t block rivers and streams with construction or waste.

• Plan together at the village level for safer water, forests, and housing.

• Work with local governments to make sure disaster-preparedness and forest care go hand in hand.

References

Down to Earth. (2025, September 7). The 2025 Punjab floods are a sum total of extreme rain, weak embankments, floodplain encroachment and obstruction of natural drainage. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/the-2025-punjab-floods-are-a-sum-total-of-extreme-rain-weak-embankments-floodplain-encroachment-and-obstruction-of-natural-drainage

National Disaster Management Authority. (2019). Guidelines for preparation of action plan: Prevention and management of thunderstorms & lightning/squall/dust/hailstorm and strong winds. Government of India.

NDTV. (2025a, September 7). Trail of destruction in Himachal Pradesh’s Kullu following monsoon flash floods [Video]. https://www.ndtv.com/video/trail-of-destruction-in-himachal-pradesh-s-kullu-following-monsoon-flash-floods-990945

NDTV. (2025b, September 7). Climate change is the reason for the level of disaster: Himachal Pradesh CM to NDTV [Video]. https://www.ndtv.com/video/climate-change-is-the-reason-for-the-level-of-disaster-himachal-pradesh-cm-to-ndtv-990347

Outlook. (2025, September 7). Punjab, Himachal floods: Blame erratic development, not just weather. https://www.outlookindia.com/national/punjab-himachal-floods-blame-erratic-development-not-just-weather-2

The Hindu. (2025, September 7). India weather monsoon: Jammu and Kashmir flood, Delhi rain highlights. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-weather-monsoon-jammu-and-kashmir-flood-delhi-rain-highlights/article70014926.ece

The New Indian Express. (2025, September 7). Himachal Pradesh faces Rs 4,079 crore loss following rain-related disasters. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/07/himachal-pradesh-faces-rs-4079-crore-loss-following-rain-related-disasters

Times of India. (2025, September 7). Toll in Himachal Pradesh floods at 366, 41 others missing. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/toll-in-himachal-pradesh-floods-at-366-41-others-missing/articleshow/123741879.cms

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Climate Chaos in Asia

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (2025 )report makes clear that Asia is now experiencing climate change at an accelerated rate, with impacts ranging from deadly heatwaves to catastrophic flooding (WMO, 2025).

Asia is warming nearly twice as fast as the global average, with 2024 recorded as one of the hottest years on record for the region (WMO, 2025). Temperature anomalies reached +1.04 °C above the 1991–2020 average, a dangerous threshold for a region that holds more than half of the world’s population. A companion scientific review, the NAM S&T Centre and South Asian Meteorological Association’s Fact File on Heatwaves (2025), emphasizes that extreme heat events are becoming longer, more frequent, and more intense, with devastating impacts on health, agriculture, water, and energy systems in the developing world (NAM S&T Centre & SAMA, 2025).

Extreme Heat and Human Health

Across Asia, heatwaves are pushing human tolerance to the limit. In 2024, Myanmar and Pakistan recorded temperatures exceeding 48–50 °C, leading to widespread health emergencies (WMO, 2025). These extreme heat events are exacerbated in urban areas where the “heat island effect” compounds health risks (Li et al., 2025). The most affected are outdoor laborers, marginalized communities, and children, many of whom lack access to cooling or adequate healthcare (WMO, 2025).

Urban areas are especially vulnerable due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, where built environments trap heat, worsening exposure for millions. The Heatwaves Fact File reports that in South Asia, heat stress-induced deaths could reach 85 per 100,000 people by 2100 without strong adaptation measures (NAM S&T Centre & SAMA, 2025).

Moreover, heatwaves have ripple effects across multiple systems: reduced crop yields, strained water supplies, soaring energy demand, and heightened risks for marginalized populations who lack cooling access or live in poorly ventilated housing (NAM S&T Centre & SAMA, 2025). Cities like Ahmedabad, India, have pioneered Heat Action Plans (HAPs) combining early-warning systems, public awareness, and cooling shelters to save lives, yet most regions lack such protective frameworks (Azhar et al., 2014).

Floods, Monsoon Variability, and Glacier Melt

The South Asian monsoon is increasingly erratic, with shorter but more intense rainfall periods. In 2023–2024, India, Bangladesh, and China experienced devastating floods, displacing millions and causing billions of dollars in damages (AP News, 2025). At the same time, accelerated Himalayan glacier melt is heightening river flood risk while destabilizing long-term water supplies (WMO, 2024).

Agriculture and Food Security

Erratic rainfall and soil degradation are disrupting agricultural production. Coastal farming regions face salinization from sea-level rise, while inland droughts and heatwaves reduce crop yields. Together, these threaten Asia’s position as a global food producer and undermine livelihoods for millions of smallholder farmers (Perfecto et al., 2009).

Trees and Biodiversity: Nature as a Solution

While technological solutions are essential, nature itself offers some of the most cost-effective and resilient defenses against climate chaos. Trees, forests, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems provide multiple layers of protection.

Cooling Cities

Urban greening can reduce surface and air temperatures significantly. Trees cool through both shade and evapotranspiration, lowering daytime highs by up to 1.5 °C in dense canopy zones (Bowler et al., 2010). This natural cooling reduces heat-related illness and energy demand for artificial cooling.

Miyawaki Forests and Permaculture for Climate Resilience

Beyond traditional reforestation, Miyawaki forests dense, fast-growing native forests pioneered by Akira Miyawaki are being established in several Asian cities to combat heat islands, restore biodiversity, and improve air quality. These micro-forests grow up to ten times faster and are thirty times denser than conventional plantations, making them particularly effective for urban climate adaptation (Miyawaki, 1999; Sharma et al., 2021). Organizations such as Biodiversity for a Livable Climate are now implementing Miyawaki forest programs globally, emphasizing their role in restoring degraded ecosystems and strengthening community resilience. Similarly, permaculture practices, which design agricultural landscapes to mimic natural ecosystems, offer a holistic approach to sustainable food production, water conservation, and soil regeneration. By integrating trees, crops, and livestock into circular systems, permaculture enhances biodiversity while reducing vulnerability to floods and droughts (Ferguson & Lovell, 2014). Together, Miyawaki forests and permaculture embody regenerative design principles that strengthen both climate resilience and community well-being.

Flood Control and Storm Protection

Mangroves, wetlands, and forests act as natural barriers against floods and storm surges. For instance, mangroves can reduce wave energy by up to 66% within the first 100 m of forest (Alongi, 2008). Such ecosystems provide low-cost resilience for coastal Asia, where millions live in flood-prone areas.

Agroforestry and Resilient Farming

Integrating trees into farmland known as agroforestry enhances soil fertility, stabilizes yields, and reduces climate vulnerability. In South Asia, agroforestry systems are now included in climate adaptation strategies for their role in improving food security and farmer incomes (Dhyani et al., 2021).

Carbon Sequestration and Climate Mitigation

Forests are also vital in slowing global warming. They store carbon, buffer regional climate systems, and maintain biodiversity. Protecting and restoring forests is both an adaptation strategy for local resilience and a mitigation measure for global climate stability (IPCC, 2019).

Conclusion

The State of the Climate in Asia 2025 highlights a sobering reality: the region is facing rising heat, flooding, agricultural stress, and economic losses due to climate change. Yet, solutions exist within reach. By prioritizing biodiversity conservation, expanding urban forests, restoring mangroves, and embedding agroforestry in agricultural systems, Asia can build resilience while addressing the root causes of climate change.

In the chaos of a warming world, trees and biodiversity remain our most enduring lifelines - Poulomi

References

Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024

AP News. (2025, July). Climate change makes South Asia’s monsoon season more prone to floods, landslides and heavy rains. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/ef8b703ab93bc310e397d896b032ce8f

Azhar, G. S., Mavalankar, D., Nori-Sarma, A., Rajiva, A., Dutta, P., Jaiswal, A., & Hess, J. J. (2014). Heat-related mortality in India: Excess all-cause mortality associated with the 2010 Ahmedabad heat wave. PLoS One, 9(3), e91831. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091831

Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006

Dhyani, S., Murthy, I. K., Kadaverugu, R., & Verma, P. (2021). Agroforestry for achieving global climate adaptation and mitigation targets: Evidence from South Asia. Forests, 12(3), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030303

Ferguson, R. S., & Lovell, S. T. (2014). Permaculture for agroecology: Design, movement, practice, and worldview. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(2), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0181-6

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press.

Li, G., Zhou, W., Ouyang, Z., Xu, W., Zheng, H., & He, F. (2025). Global urban greening and its implication for urban heat mitigation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(5), e2417179122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2417179122

Miyawaki, A. (1999). Creative ecology: Restoration of native forests by native trees. Plant Biotechnology, 16(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.15

Tyagi, A., Chakravarty, P., Das, S., Payra, S., & Das, M. K. (2025). Heatwaves: Impacts and implications on the developing world (Fact File No. STI-FF/06/2025). New Delhi: Non-Aligned Movement Centre for Science and Technology (NAM S&T Centre) and South Asian Meteorological Association (SAMA).

Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., & Wright, A. (2009). Nature’s matrix: Linking agriculture, conservation and food sovereignty. Earthscan.

Sharma, G., Sharma, R., & Lal, R. (2021). Miyawaki forests as an urban ecological engineering practice for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59, 127006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127006

World Meteorological Organization. (2024). State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (WMO-No. 1373). Geneva: WMO. https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-climate-asia-2024

World Meteorological Organization. (2025). State of the Climate in Asia 2025 (WMO-No. 1373). Geneva: WMO.

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Reflections by Poulomi Chakravarty

Yesterday, I watched RIVER OF GRASS a docu-film directed and produced by Sasha Wortzel and was utterly mesmerized by how it intertwines the living water, the land, and the mangrove tapestry, all beneath the looming shadows of hurricanes. In scenes where sawgrass marshes ebb into mangrove forests, I experienced how water sculpts the land while those salt-tolerant mangroves emerge as guardians, their tangled roots anchoring soils, buffering storms, and absorbing salt surges. These forests are not just a passive scenery; they are the Everglades’ first line of defense against coastal erosion and flooding, the largest continuous mangrove system in the world (Wikipedia, 2025). When hurricanes roar through toppling branches, reshaping coastlines, redistributing seeds and marl they reveal both nature’s fury and its capacity to regenerate. For example, Hurricane Donna in 1960 buried mangroves in marl, severely damaging epiphytes and altering forest composition for decades (Wikipedia, 2025). Nature grieves, but it also endures.

The film, grounded in Marjory Stoneman Douglas’s seminal The Everglades: River of Grass, brings history, ecology, and Indigenous resistance into a single, surging narrative. In the wake of a hurricane, Douglas visits filmmaker Sasha Wortzel in a dream, catalyzing a prismatic study of the Everglades as both wilderness and site of resistance in the face of climate collapse (Wortzel, 2024). On August 14 at Amherst Cinema, I had the privilege of not only watching the film on the big screen but also listening to Wortzel in a post-screening Q&A. Hearing the director speak about weaving Douglas’s archival voice with present-day vérité deepened my appreciation for the project’s layered storytelling and its commitment to centering Indigenous voices.

Image Credit: Photograph by Poulomi Chakravarty during film screening at Amherst Cinema

Hurricanes: Shaping the Everglades' Landscape

Hurricanes are powerful architects of change in the Everglades, fundamentally reshaping its landscape and ecosystems. Historical data show that between 1871 and 2003, tropical cyclones struck the region approximately every one to three years, dramatically altering coastlines, flushing decaying vegetation from estuaries, and dispersing seeds and pollen (Wikipedia, 2025). Notably, Hurricane Donna in 1960 deposited marl over mangrove roots, depriving epiphytes of oxygen and dramatically altering forest composition, a transformation that may take a century to fully recover (Wikipedia, 2025). More recently, Hurricane Irma caused extensive damage to mangrove canopies in coastal zones, with airborne surveys estimating that up to 60% of studied mangrove areas sustained severe damage (NASA Earth Observatory, 2018). Furthermore, storm surges and prolonged ponding following Irma triggered one of the largest recorded diebacks of mangroves, signifying both devastation and ecological vulnerability (Lagomasino et al., 2021).

Image Credit: Landsat 7 image of Hurricane Ian Aftermath on the southwest coast of Florida On October 2, 2022 by USGS on Unsplash

Beneath the Surface: Limestone’s Role in Salinity Balance

Curious about what underpins this wetlands’ resilience geologically, I dove into research on the role of limestone. The Everglades rests upon a porous limestone bedrock, karst terrain formed over eons from calcium carbonate deposition. This foundation filters and balances water chemistry, imparting slight alkalinity that supports specific ecosystems (Wikipedia, 2025). More importantly, the limestone helps to buffer saltwater intrusion through its aquifer storage and natural filtering capacity (Bob Graham Center, 2020).

Sea-level rise and human-altered hydrology, however, are overwhelming this system. Saltwater is not only creeping inland via surface waters but is also percolating through the limestone aquifers, reducing freshwater storage and altering hydrologic function (Bob Graham Center, 2020; AP News, 2024). This intrusion is a key driver of peat collapse and habitat loss, as elevated salinity reduces root biomass and soil elevation, especially in freshwater marshes (Kominoski et al., 2019). Mangroves and freshwater tree islands once buffered are being encroached upon by salt, compromising their ability to maintain freshwater conditions over time (Ross, 2014).

Image Credit: Sasha Wortzel during Q and A session after the film screening, photographed by Sai Gattupalli

Threats, Restoration, Resilience

Saltwater Intrusion & Peat Collapse

Research from Florida International University highlights that increased salinity harms sawgrass root systems and peat integrity, reducing soil elevation and firmness, paving the way for erosion and carbon loss (Kominoski et al., 2019). The intrusion of saltwater is decimating freshwater marshes, and once-stable peat soils are collapsing (Florida International University, 2025).

Mangroves: Buffers & Threatened Sentinels

While mangroves serve as natural buffers, softening the blow of storms and capturing sediment, they face encroachment from the sea. Sea level rise and reduced freshwater flow are pushing them inward, reshaping the ecological boundary between freshwater marsh and coastal forest (Everglades Foundation, 2024; Wikipedia, 2025).

Hurricanes: Catalysts of Change

Hurricanes, beyond their immediate destruction, deposit minerals and marl that can both harm and transform ecosystems. For example, storms can strip away plant life, deposit new soils, and even bring minerals into mangrove forests that boost phosphorus availability but ultimately, the resilience of the system is tested with each event (Castañeda-Moya et al., 2020; Wikipedia, 2025).

Restoration Efforts

The Everglades Restoration Project—the most complex ecological engineering effort in U.S. history, is underway to rehydrate wetlands, restore sheet flow, and mitigate saltwater intrusion (AP News, 2024). More than a dozen state–federal initiatives aim to improve water delivery, elevate bridges like Tamiami Trail, and complete large-scale storage and treatment systems like the EAA Reservoir (AP News, 2024).

Final Reflection

Experiencing River of Grass through everything I’ve learned, I feel more deeply the pulse of an ecosystem bound by water, limestones, roots, and stories. Mangroves sway with memory, hurricanes remind us of nature’s force, and limestone whispers the hidden continuity beneath our feet. Yet, that quiet balance is fraying amidst saltwater intrusion, climate change, and enforced hydrological changes.

If you have a chance, definitely read Marjory Stoneman Douglas’s book and watch the film. They are not just educational but also invitations to listen more deeply to the rivers, both seen and unseen, that sustain us.

Link to the Documentary clip : https://youtu.be/vHugoRBMfBs?si=EZDEhwlmVgIDICyY

Glossary

Dieback – The death or decline of plants starting from leaves or stems and progressing inward, often caused by stressors such as saltwater intrusion, prolonged flooding, nutrient depletion, or storm damage.

Ponding – The accumulation of water on the land’s surface when it cannot drain or infiltrate quickly, often after heavy rain, storm surges, or in flat, saturated landscapes.

Saltwater Intrusion – The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers or wetlands, usually due to sea-level rise, reduced freshwater flow, or human alterations to water systems.

Peat Collapse – The loss of soil structure in peat-rich wetlands, often following plant root death and decomposition caused by high salinity or extended flooding.

Karst – A type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone, featuring porous rock, sinkholes, and underground drainage systems; in the Everglades, it influences water storage and chemistry.

Mangrove – Salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines, providing critical habitat, stabilizing shorelines, and buffering storm surges.

Storm Surge – A rise in sea level caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure during hurricanes, capable of flooding coastal and inland areas.

Marl – A calcium carbonate-rich mud or soil that can be deposited by storms, influencing water chemistry and plant growth in wetlands.

Sheet Flow – The slow, shallow movement of water across a wide area, essential to the Everglades’ natural hydrology and the distribution of nutrients.

References

AP News. (2024, December 19). In Florida, a race is on to save the Everglades and protect a key source of drinking water. https://apnews.com/article/f59f0a48e58d2fd3d23169c8b8e54e50

Bob Graham Center. (2020). Mitigating saltwater intrusion through Everglades restoration [Policy proposal]. University of Florida. https://www.bobgrahamcenter.ufl.edu/

Castañeda-Moya, E., Twilley, R. R., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., et al. (2020). Hurricane-induced mineral inputs to near-coast mangroves in the Everglades enhance phosphorus concentrations in soils and plant uptake. PLOS ONE, 15(2), e0229610. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229610

Everglades Foundation. (2024, October 21). Sea level rise and climate change: The Everglades. https://www.evergladesfoundation.org/

Florida International University. (2025). The Everglades: Impacts of saltwater intrusion and peat collapse [Summary]. Florida International University. https://news.fiu.edu/2025/25-years-of-everglades-restoration-has-improved-drinking-water-for-millions-in-florida-but-a-new-risk-is-rising

Kominoski, J. S., Saunders, C. J., Beard, J. S., Troxler, T. G., Gaiser, E. E., & Childers, D. L. (2019). Experimental saltwater intrusion drives rapid soil elevation and carbon loss in freshwater and brackish Everglades marshes. Wetlands, 39(6), 1145–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01163-2

Lagomasino, D., et al. (2021). Storm surge and ponding explain mangrove dieback in Florida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(13), e2024298118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024298118

NASA Earth Observatory. (2018, April 19). NASA mapping hurricane damage to Everglades. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92033/nasa-mapping-hurricane-damage-to-everglades

Ross, M. S. (2014). Compositional effects of sea-level rise in a patchy landscape. PeerJ, 2, e684. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.684

Wikipedia. (2025). Geography and ecology of the Everglades. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades

Wortzel, S. (Director). (2024). River of Grass. https://www.riverofgrassfilm.com/

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

When conversations about climate arise, Greenhouse Gases tend to dominate the narrative. While they play an essential role in shaping global climate patterns, the climate we experience locally is also governed by micrometeorological conditions - the small-scale weather processes occurring near the Earth’s surface (Stull, 1988). These processes emerge from intricate land–atmosphere interactions, and vegetation is central to this dynamic. Forests, wetlands, and grasslands act not just as passive backdrops but as active climate regulators, controlling how energy, moisture, and momentum move between the surface and the atmosphere (Oke, 1987).

Micrometeorology examines the surface boundary layer the lowest layer of the atmosphere directly influenced by the surface beneath it (Garratt, 1992). Within this zone, sunlight is absorbed, reflected, stored, and released in ways that are strongly shaped by the presence, type, and density of vegetation. Understanding these mechanisms requires examining several core parameters.

One of the most important parameter is the Evaporative Fraction (EF), which measures the proportion of available surface energy used for evaporation and plant transpiration compared to that used for directly heating the air (Monteith & Unsworth, 2013). In areas with dense vegetation, EF tends to be higher, meaning that more energy is directed toward moving water into the atmosphere. This process increases humidity, encourages cloud formation, and can influence local rainfall patterns.

Closely linked to EF is Latent Heat Flux (LE); the energy carried into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor during evaporation and transpiration (Shuttleworth, 2012). Vegetation enhances LE by continually releasing moisture into the air, which cools the surface and provides the moisture needed for cloud development. In contrast, Sensible Heat Flux (H) refers to the direct transfer of heat from the surface to the air through conduction and convection. Vegetated areas generally have lower H because more energy is diverted into latent heat, resulting in a cooling effect that moderates extreme temperatures (Oke, 1987).

The soil itself is part of this energy exchange through Ground Heat Flux (G), which represents the flow of energy into or out of the ground. Vegetation moderates this flux by shading the soil, reducing daytime heating and slowing nighttime cooling, thereby maintaining more stable soil temperatures (Monteith & Unsworth, 2013). Another critical parameter is Albedo (α), the fraction of sunlight reflected by the surface. Vegetation typically lowers albedo, meaning that more solar energy is absorbed rather than reflected, which increases the energy available for evaporation and moisture cycling (Sellers, 1992).

The physical structure of vegetation also influences Surface Roughness Length (z₀), a measure of how the texture of the surface affects wind flow (Garratt, 1992). Taller and denser vegetation increases surface roughness, which promotes turbulence — the chaotic mixing of heat, moisture, and air — that helps form clouds and supports convective rainfall. These exchanges of latent heat, sensible heat, and ground heat are collectively known as Surface Fluxes, and vegetation plays a decisive role in determining how energy is divided among them (Shuttleworth, 2012).

Image Credit: Boudhayan Bardhan on Unsplash

At the heart of micrometeorology is the Radiation Balance, or Net Radiation (Rn) — the difference between all incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation at the Earth’s surface (Sellers, 1992). Vegetation alters this balance by affecting how much radiation is absorbed (through albedo) and how much is emitted (via surface temperature). The net energy is then partitioned into heating the air, evaporating water, warming the soil, and storing energy through Photosynthesis (F). Although photosynthesis accounts for less than 1% of the absorbed solar energy (Kleidon, 2020), it is vital for biomass production, ecosystem health, and carbon sequestration.

Another significant factor is the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height (BLH) — the depth of the lowest layer of the atmosphere that responds to surface conditions. High evapotranspiration from vegetation can lower BLH, stabilizing air masses and influencing how pollutants disperse (Garratt, 1992). Processes like Convective Precipitation, where warm moist air rises and cools to form rain, are also influenced by vegetation, as are turbulence patterns that mix heat, moisture, and momentum in the atmosphere (Cotton & Anthes, 1992).

When vegetation is lost, these finely tuned processes are disrupted. Albedo often increases, reflecting more sunlight and reducing convective rainfall potential. Surface roughness decreases, lowering turbulence and limiting vertical mixing. Evaporative fraction declines, meaning less energy goes into evaporation and more into directly heating the air, leading to hotter, drier microclimates. Boundary layer dynamics change as well, often altering pollutant dispersion and destabilizing local climate patterns.

In conclusion, micrometeorological parameters and the radiation balance are the dynamic processes that directly influence our air, water, and climate. Vegetation is the central control lever in this system, fine-tuning the balance of heat, moisture, and air movement. Protecting and restoring plant cover is therefore not just environmental conservation; it is active climate management on the most local and immediate scale.

Essential Terms Related to Land Surface Processes

1. Micrometeorology

Definition: The study of atmospheric processes at fine spatial (meters to kilometers) and temporal (seconds to hours) scales, especially within the surface boundary layer (Stull, 1988).Micrometeorological processes operate on a time scale of seconds to minutes and spatial scales of centimeters to a few hundred meters. Microclimatic phenomena involve climatic averages (hours to years) on these same spatial scales.
Vegetation’s Role: Plants alter energy, moisture, and momentum exchanges, shaping local micrometeorological conditions and further microclimates. For example, forests can cool the air through transpiration and create turbulence that promotes rainfall (Shuttleworth, 2012).

Image Credit: Created in Canva by Poulomi Chakravarty

2. Evaporative Fraction (EF)

Definition: The proportion of available surface energy used for evaporation and transpiration compared to that used for direct heating of the air.
Vegetation’s Role: Higher EF in forests means more water moves into the atmosphere, increasing humidity and the likelihood of cloud formation (Monteith & Unsworth, 2013).

3. Latent Heat Flux (LE)

Definition: Energy transferred from the surface to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration, stored in water vapor.
Vegetation’s Role: Plants boost LE via transpiration, cooling the surface and moistening the air (Shuttleworth, 2012).

4. Sensible Heat Flux (H)

Definition: Direct energy transfer from the surface to the air, raising air temperature. The heat we feel or sense.
Vegetation’s Role: By diverting more energy into latent heat, vegetation lowers sensible heat flux, moderating temperature extremes (Oke, 1987).

5. Ground Heat Flux (G)

Definition: Energy conducted into or out of the soil.
Vegetation’s Role: Plants shade the soil, reducing heat conduction and stabilizing soil temperatures (Monteith & Unsworth, 2013).

6. Albedo (α)

Definition: The fraction of incoming sunlight reflected by the surface.
Vegetation’s Role: Most vegetation lowers albedo, increasing solar absorption, which can enhance evaporation and influence rainfall patterns (Sellers, 1992).

7. Surface Roughness Length (z₀)

Definition: A measure of surface texture that affects wind speed and turbulence.
Vegetation’s Role: Dense, tall vegetation increases surface roughness, enhancing turbulent mixing and convective rainfall (Garratt, 1992).

8. Surface Fluxes

Definition: The collective exchange of latent heat, sensible heat, and ground heat.
Vegetation’s Role: Influences the partitioning of these fluxes, altering local temperature and humidity patterns (Shuttleworth, 2012).

9. Radiation Balance (Net Radiation, Rn)

Definition: The difference between all incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface.
Vegetation’s Role: Alters both absorption (via albedo) and emission (via surface temperature) of radiation, directly influencing energy available for evaporation, heating, and photosynthesis (Sellers, 1992).

10. Chemical Energy from Photosynthesis (F)

Definition: Solar energy stored in organic matter during photosynthesis, generally less than 1% of absorbed radiation (Kleidon, 2020).
Vegetation’s Role: Despite being a small term in the energy budget, it fuels biomass production, ecosystem functioning, and carbon sequestration — processes vital to climate stability.

11. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height (BLH)

Definition: The lowest part of the atmosphere influenced by the surface through turbulent mixing.
Vegetation’s Role: Higher evapotranspiration can lower BLH, stabilizing local air masses and affecting pollutant dispersion (Garratt, 1992).

12. Convective Precipitation

Definition: Rainfall caused by rising warm, moist air that condenses into clouds.
Vegetation’s Role: Evapotranspiration from plants promotes convection, increasing the probability of rainfall (Cotton & Anthes, 1992).

13. Turbulence

Definition: Chaotic air motion that mixes heat, moisture, and momentum.
Vegetation’s Role: Plant canopies increase turbulence, aiding cloud formation and pollutant dispersion (Oke, 1987).

References

Cotton, W. R., & Anthes, R. A. (1992). Storm and cloud dynamics. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-088542-8.X5000-4

Garratt, J. R. (1992). The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173680

Kleidon, A. (2020). What limits photosynthesis? Identifying the thermodynamic constraints of the biosphere within the Earth system. Biogeosciences, 17(17), 3907–3925. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3907-2020

Monteith, J. L., & Unsworth, M. H. (2013). Principles of environmental physics (4th ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2010-0-66393-0

Oke, T. R. (1987). Boundary layer climates (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203407219

Sellers, P. J. (1992). Biophysical models of land surface processes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 97(D17), 2757–2772. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD02484

Shuttleworth, W. J. (2012). Terrestrial hydrometeorology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119951933

Stull, R. B. (1988). An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Biodiversity is often discussed in the context of conservation, but its role extends far beyond preserving species for their own sake. It is, in fact, a fundamental driver of ecosystem stability and resilience, qualities that are essential for sustaining life on Earth and addressing the challenges of climate change.

According to a study featured in Time and drawing on research published in Nature, ecosystems with higher biodiversity are significantly more resilient to environmental stress, including extreme climate events. Researchers found that grasslands with only 1–2 plant species experienced a 50% decline in biomass during climate extremes, while those with 16–32 species saw only a 25% decline (Isbell et al., 2015). This phenomenon is known as the insurance hypothesis, which posits that biodiversity acts as a safeguard, ensuring that ecosystems can continue functioning even under adverse conditions.

The Insurance Hypothesis in Action

The principle is straightforward yet powerful: different species often perform similar ecological roles but may respond differently to environmental stressors. When conditions change, some species may falter while others thrive, maintaining the stability and productivity of the ecosystem as a whole. In this way, biodiversity provides built-in redundancy and flexibility, much like a diversified investment portfolio mitigates financial risk.

Implications for Climate Resilience

The resilience provided by biodiversity is not a luxury or a human whim to indulge in, it is a necessity for survival of species. Diverse wildlife populations support soil fertility, regulate water cycles, facilitate pollination, and store carbon in living systems. These functions directly influence local and regional climates by moderating temperature extremes, maintaining precipitation patterns, and enhancing the capacity of ecosystems to absorb and store greenhouse gases.

Conversely, biodiversity loss undermines these processes. When species are removed, whether through habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation, or climate change, the ecosystem becomes more fragile. Productivity drops, ecosystem services decline, and the capacity to regulate climate diminishes. This degradation creates a feedback loop: as ecosystems lose resilience, they become less able to adapt to further stress, accelerating environmental decline.

A Foundational Strategy for the Future

Safeguarding and restoring biodiversity is one of the foundational strategy for maintaining the Earth’s life-support systems. Diverse species networks underpin ecosystem stability, sustain essential processes such as nutrient cycling and water regulation, and enhance the adaptive capacity of landscapes. Far from being optional, biodiversity is a critical component of climate resilience and an indispensable asset in mitigating and reversing environmental degradation.

Recognizing biodiversity as a core pillar of climate strategy shifts the conversation from reactive measures to proactive, systems-based solutions. By protecting and restoring the variety of life on Earth, we are not only preserving nature’s richness, we are securing the stability of the very systems that sustain human life.

Key Takeaway: How Wildlife Optimizes Ecosystem Functioning

Wildlife is a driving force that sustains the health, resilience, and productivity of every ecosystem.

1. More Species = Stronger Ecosystems
   Diverse species strengthen ecosystems against environmental stress, supporting the biodiversity insurance hypothesis where functional diversity buffers against change.

2. Wildlife as Ecological Engineers
   Species like earthworms enrich soils, improve water infiltration, and promote plant growth, creating ripple effects that benefit birds, pollinators, and humans.

3. Keystone Species Hold It All Together
   The loss of key species, such as sea otters, can cause cascading collapses like unchecked sea urchin populations destroying kelp forests that sustain diverse marine life.

4. Ecosystem Services = Human Well-being
   Wildlife supports pollination, water purification, soil fertility, and carbon storage services that underpin food security, clean air, and climate stability.

Protecting and restoring wildlife is a conservation priority along with being a critical climate resilience strategy for ensuring a livable future.

References

Isbell, F., Craven, D., Connolly, J., Loreau, M., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., ... & Eisenhauer, N. (2015). Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes. Nature, 526(7574), 574–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15374

Walsh, B. (2015, October 26). Nature’s best defense against climate change. Time. https://time.com/4070683/nature-climate-change/

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

As wildfires increasingly become a common occurrence globally, they bring not only immediate devastation but also long-term environmental and health challenges. One of the most concerning aspects is the risk associated with the release of asbestos from older structures, a threat that lingers long after the fires are extinguished. This blog explores the implications of asbestos exposure due to wildfires, incorporating case studies and current reports to provide a detailed view of the situation and recommend proactive measures.

Understanding Asbestos

Asbestos refers to a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals known for their durability, heat resistance, and insulating properties. Historically used in a variety of building materials such as roofing shingles, ceiling tiles, and flooring, asbestos is hazardous when its fibers are released into the air and inhaled. Exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to serious health issues, including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and Asbestosis, diseases that may develop many years after exposure.

Figure 1: Asbestos Risk Awareness Image Credit: Poulomi Chakravarty

Unseen Dangers: Asbestos Release During California Wildfires

Travis Rodgers' article for The Mesothelioma Center sheds light on a critical and often overlooked consequence of California's wildfires—the release of asbestos from older buildings damaged by fire. As described in the piece, thousands of structures in areas like the Palisades, which were built before stringent asbestos regulations were put in place in 1980, pose a hidden danger when they burn. These buildings, including homes, schools, and industrial sites, often contain asbestos in materials such as insulation, tiles, and roofing. When these materials are subjected to the high heat of wildfires, asbestos fibers are released into the atmosphere.

These fibers can then be carried over large distances by the dry, strong winds that typically accompany wildfires. This not only poses a direct inhalation risk to those nearby but also spreads the contamination across a wider area, impacting more communities and ecosystems. Rodgers specifically points to the dangerous aftermath when residents begin to return and clean up, potentially disturbing settled asbestos fibers without adequate protection or awareness of the risks.

Assistant Medical Director Dr. Puneet Gupta of the Los Angeles County Fire Department comments in the article on the increasing reports of respiratory issues in local emergency rooms, which he attributes to the spread of asbestos and other particulates in smoke and ash. This aspect highlights the immediate health impacts and the potential for long-term consequences if not properly managed.

Furthermore, Linda Reinstein, President and Co-Founder of the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization, is quoted discussing the vast scale of asbestos contamination that could remain undetected until it becomes airborne by disturbances, stressing the importance of safety measures and awareness among those living in and around affected areas.

The article underlines the importance of proper safety gear, such as HEPA filters and P-100 respirators, for anyone involved in the cleanup process, and for residents returning to potentially contaminated environments. It calls for more rigorous regulations and preparedness strategies to address these challenges effectively, ensuring public safety in the face of increasingly frequent and severe wildfire events.

Brittany Anas's article for House Beautiful also looks into the ongoing health hazards posed by asbestos in the aftermath of wildfires, particularly highlighting the recent devastating fires in the Greater Los Angeles area. As wildfires ravage through older neighborhoods, they not only destroy homes and businesses but also disperse asbestos fibers from legacy construction materials into the air. Michelle Whitmer, an asbestos expert at The Mesothelioma Center, explains that asbestos, used in building materials for its durability and insulation properties, becomes a significant threat when these materials are compromised by fire. The article points out that nearly three-quarters of structures in the Palisades area were built before asbestos use was regulated in the 1980s, posing a serious risk of airborne asbestos during fires.

Whitmer further discusses the properties of asbestos, noting that it can withstand temperatures up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, allowing fibers to survive and become airborne even after severe fire damage. The risks are not confined to the immediate aftermath; asbestos fibers can linger in the air and on surfaces long after the flames have been extinguished, posing long-term health risks to residents, cleanup crews, and first responders. These fibers, if inhaled, can lead to severe health issues like lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis, prompting the need for careful handling and specialized cleanup procedures to minimize exposure. Whitmer emphasizes the importance of professional debris removal, proper respiratory protection, and avoiding disturbance of ash and debris to prevent releasing more fibers into the air.

Risks Associated with Asbestos for Different Stakeholders

1. Residents and Homeowners: Residents returning to wildfire-impacted areas face significant risks due to potential asbestos exposure. Older homes and buildings damaged by fire may release asbestos fibers into the air, posing inhalation risks that can lead to severe respiratory diseases and cancers.

2. Firefighters and First Responders: These frontline workers are at a heightened risk of asbestos exposure while managing wildfire scenes. The disturbance of asbestos-containing materials during firefighting efforts can release hazardous fibers, making adequate protective measures crucial.

3. Cleanup Crews and Construction Workers: Post-wildfire cleanup involves handling debris that may contain asbestos materials. Workers involved in demolition and reconstruction need to be aware of the presence of asbestos to avoid exposure that could result in long-term health complications.

4. Environmental Health Professionals: These experts need to monitor air quality and manage public health advisories related to asbestos in post-fire areas to safeguard community health and guide safe cleanup procedures.

Figure 2: Asbestos Exposure Risks to Various Stakeholders during or after wildfires. Image credit: Poulomi Chakravarty

Case Studies

Enhancing Asbestos Monitoring and Response in Wildfire-Prone Areas

The research conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, thoroughly documented in the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, provides an in-depth analysis focused on enhancing asbestos detection and response mechanisms during wildfire incidents, particularly in regions like Libby, Montana (Fuhr et al., 2021). This area, known for its extensive vermiculite mining which is contaminated with asbestos, presents unique challenges during wildfires, as the fires can release hazardous asbestos fibers into the environment. The study highlights the critical need for deploying advanced sensor technologies and developing robust response strategies to effectively monitor airborne asbestos particles in real-time, thereby increasing the safety and preparedness of both firefighting teams and local communities (Fuhr et al., 2021). By leveraging novel architectural and technological solutions, the researchers advocate for a transformation in current fire management practices, which could significantly reduce health risks associated with asbestos exposure in fire-infrequent yet vulnerable regions (Fuhr et al., 2021). This approach not only aims to enhance immediate response capabilities but also contributes to long-term environmental and public health strategies by integrating comprehensive asbestos management into wildfire preparedness plans.

Occupational Exposures to Carcinogens in Wildland Firefighters

In a detailed examination published by West et al. (2024) in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, the research meticulously evaluates the carcinogenic exposures encountered by wildland firefighters, providing critical insights into the occupational hazards they face. The study identifies a wide array of carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, and formaldehyde, which are prevalent in the smoke and debris from wildfires (West et al., 2024). These compounds are particularly concerning due to their strong links to various forms of cancer and other chronic health conditions that may develop over time. West et al. (2024) point out that the current standard protective gear and safety protocols may not adequately shield firefighters from these harmful agents. The research emphasizes the necessity for advanced protective equipment that can more effectively filter out these carcinogens and reduce skin exposure. Additionally, the paper calls for a systemic overhaul of safety measures, including better fire scene management and post-exposure medical screenings to enhance long-term health outcomes for firefighters. This case study highlights an urgent need for policy changes and increased funding for research to develop and implement technologies and strategies that safeguard the health of those who protect our communities from wildfires (West et al., 2024).

Rethinking Fire Management in the Northeastern USA Following Smoke Events

In the research paper by Andrew L. Vander Yacht and colleagues, the authors argue for a reevaluation of current fire management strategies in regions traditionally infrequent to wildfires, particularly in light of a recent smoke event from Canadian wildfires that significantly affected the northeastern United States. This event has highlighted the vulnerabilities of these areas to changing fire regimes due to climate change. The paper critiques the prevailing "asbestos paradigms," which have historically promoted forest compositions and structures that are increasingly sensitive to fire, potentially exacerbating future risks as fire occurrences are expected to rise. The authors suggest that integrating prescribed burns and mechanical interventions could build resilience by fostering biodiversity dependent on disturbance. The 2023 smoke event serves as a critical reminder of the need for enhanced research and practical management strategies that consider the growing likelihood of wildfires in these fire-infrequent forests, aiming to prevent ecological degradation and bolster forest health against anticipated increases in fire activity (Vander Yacht et al., 2024).

Asbestos Contamination in Post-Fire Regions of Greece

The comprehensive study conducted by Kyriakidis et al. (2024) published in Environmental Geochemistry and Health investigates the presence of asbestos in building materials and soils in post-fire regions of Mati, Kineta, and Varimbombi in Greece, which experienced significant wildfires between 2018 and 2021. The study represents the first major campaign to assess asbestos contamination in these areas, following extensive wildfires that left behind considerable destruction and potential health hazards. The researchers collected samples from various construction materials and nearby soils to analyze for asbestos fibers using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), identifying both chrysotile and crocidolite types of asbestos (Kyriakidis et al., 2024). The findings from Kyriakidis et al. (2024) also highlight the importance of integrating advanced asbestos detection and management strategies in post-disaster recovery and urban planning efforts to mitigate future environmental and public health impacts.

Preventive Measures to Mitigate Asbestos Exposure

To protect against asbestos exposure in wildfire-affected areas, several preventive measures can be implemented:

• Asbestos Assessment and Monitoring: Regular inspections and air quality monitoring in areas known to contain older buildings can help identify asbestos risks early.

• Public Education: Informing residents and workers about the dangers of asbestos exposure and proper safety protocols can reduce the risk of exposure.

• Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Ensuring that all personnel involved in firefighting and cleanup operations have access to and use appropriate PPE, such as P-100 respirators, which can filter out asbestos fibers.

• Strict Adherence to Safety Protocols: Implementing rigorous procedures for handling, removal, and disposal of asbestos-containing materials can prevent the release of fibers.

• Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to local and national asbestos management laws and regulations is crucial for all parties involved in construction and environmental management.

Figure 3: Preventive measures to Mitigate Asbestos Exposure Image Credit: Poulomi Chakravarty

Risk to Wildlife in the Wildfire Zones

Asbestos exposure poses significant risks not only to humans but also to animals and birds, particularly in areas affected by wildfires where older buildings containing asbestos materials are destroyed. When these structures burn, asbestos fibers can be released into the environment and contaminate the habitats of various wildlife species. Animals and birds can inhale or ingest asbestos fibers indirectly through contaminated water sources, food supplies, or by direct contact with the debris. This exposure can lead to respiratory and other health issues in wildlife, similar to those seen in humans, although the specific impacts on different species are not as well documented. To mitigate these risks, it is crucial to implement rapid response strategies during wildfires to manage and contain asbestos before it disperses widely. This includes setting up containment zones around affected areas to minimize the spread of fibers and undertaking thorough cleanup and asbestos abatement measures promptly. Additionally, restoring natural habitats and monitoring environmental health indicators can help ensure that ecosystems recover and remain safe for both wildlife and human populations.

Asbestos Risk Management for Wildlife in Wildfire Hotspots

To mitigate the risks of asbestos exposure to wildlife during and after wildfires, effective strategies can be implemented both preemptively and in response to fire incidents. Here are some key points to consider for protecting animals and birds from asbestos contamination:

1. Pre-Fire Asbestos Audits:

   • Conduct regular asbestos inspections in buildings within fire-prone areas to identify and document locations with asbestos-containing materials.

   • Create a registry of these locations to prioritize and streamline response efforts during wildfires.

2. Asbestos Containment Measures:

   • Establish containment protocols to control asbestos release during building collapses or fires. This may involve using fire-retardant materials that encapsulate asbestos, preventing it from becoming airborne.

   • Employ fire suppression techniques that minimize the destruction of buildings known to contain asbestos, where safely possible.

3. Rapid Response and Cleanup:

   • Develop and deploy rapid response teams specialized in asbestos containment and abatement immediately following fires.

   • Use wetting agents to bind asbestos fibers in debris and ash, reducing the risk of inhalation by animals exploring the area.

   • Implement safe debris removal practices, ensuring that all materials are handled in a manner that minimizes fiber release.

4. Habitat Restoration:

   • Prioritize the restoration of natural habitats that have been affected by asbestos contamination.

   • Monitor and rehabilitate water sources and vegetation in the area to ensure they are free from asbestos fibers, protecting food chains and animal health.

5. Wildlife Health Monitoring:

   • Establish monitoring programs to study the long-term health effects of asbestos exposure on wildlife populations.

   • Work with wildlife conservation experts to track changes in health and behavior that may be attributable to asbestos exposure.

6. Education and Training:

   • Provide training for firefighters, wildlife managers, and environmental health workers on the risks and safety procedures related to asbestos in wildfire scenarios.

   • Raise public awareness about the impact of asbestos on wildlife and the environment, promoting community involvement in preparedness and response efforts.

7. Legislation and Policy Enhancement:

   • Advocate for stronger regulations on asbestos management, especially in areas prone to natural disasters like wildfires.

   • Ensure that environmental protection laws incorporate specific measures for wildlife protection in the context of asbestos exposure.

By implementing these strategies, communities can significantly reduce the risk of asbestos exposure to wildlife and help maintain healthy ecosystems even in the face of increasing wildfire incidents.

Figure 4: Asbestos Risk Management in Wildfire Scenario Image Credit: Poulomi Chakravarty

Conclusion: A Call for Enhanced Awareness and Safety Measures

The potential for asbestos exposure in wildfire-impacted areas is a serious concern that requires increased awareness and strategic management. By understanding the properties of asbestos and the conditions under which it becomes hazardous, stakeholders can better protect themselves and their communities. Proactive measures, including comprehensive asbestos management plans and adherence to safety protocols, are essential to mitigate the health risks associated with asbestos exposure after wildfires. Through collaborative efforts between government, environmental health professionals, and the public, we can ensure that the aftermath of wildfires does not lead to another, less visible disaster in the form of asbestos-related diseases.

References

Anas, B. (2025, January 25). How dangerous is the asbestos in the air after a wildfire? experts weigh in. House Beautiful. https://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/a63462900/asbestos-wildfire-danger/

Fuhr, P. L., Morganti, M., Monday, W., Richards, J., Piersall, E., & Rooke, S. S. (2021). Research and Evaluation Concepts in Support of Asbestos Detection During Wildfire Operations–A Review. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(3).

Anas, B. (2025, January 25). How dangerous is the asbestos in the air after a wildfire? experts weigh in. House Beautiful. https://www.housebeautiful.com/lifestyle/a63462900/asbestos-wildfire-danger/

Kyriakidis, F., Dianellou, I., Vollas, A. et al. Presence of asbestos in building materials and soils in postfire areas of Mati, Kineta and Varimbombi in Greece. Environ Geochem Health 46, 452 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02211-z

Rodgers, T. (2025, January 21). Raging California Wildfires May Spread Toxic Asbestos. Asbestos.com. Retrieved January 23, 2025, https://www.asbestos.com/news/2025/01/10/raging-california-wildfires-may-spread-toxic-asbestos/

Selby, K. (2016) What Mesothelioma Is, Mesothelioma Center - Vital Services for Cancer Patients & Families. Available at: https://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/.

Mesothelioma Center (2024, November 26). The Mesothelioma Center: Support for cancer patients & families. Mesothelioma Center - Vital Services for Cancer Patients & Families. https://www.asbestos.com/

Vander Yacht, A. L., Gilvarg, S. C., Varner, J. M., & Stambaugh, M. C. (2024). Future increases in fire should inform present management of fire-infrequent forests: A post-smoke critique of “asbestos” paradigms in the northeastern USA and beyond. Biological Conservation, 296, 110703.

West, M., Brown, S., Noth, E., Domitrovich, J., & Navarro DuBose, K. (2024). A review of occupational exposures to carcinogens among wildland firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 21(10), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2024.2388532

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/./

As California confronts another devastating wildfire season, it's crucial to connect the dots between these increasingly severe natural disasters and climate change. The recent wildfires in the Los Angeles area, including a significant blaze in the Hollywood Hills, have ravaged over 54 square miles and necessitated evacuation orders for nearly 180,000 residents. The toll has been heavy: at least seven fatalities, thousands of structures destroyed, and tens of thousands more threatened.

Breakdown of Major Fires:

• The Palisades and Eaton Fires: These fires alone have wreaked considerable havoc. The Palisades Fire expanded across 31 square miles, while the Eaton Fire affected more than 21 square miles in the hills above Altadena, cumulatively destroying thousands of homes and claiming lives.

• Other Significant Blazes: The Kenneth Fire and the Sunset Fire, along with the Hurst and Lidia fires, have further underscored the vulnerability of densely populated areas to wildfire threats.

Climate Change: A Key Driver

Researchers across the globe, have observed a distressing trend: the direct impact of human-induced climate change on wildfire severity and frequency. Scientific studies funded by organizations like NOAA's National Integrated Drought Information System have demonstrated that increased burn areas—particularly during California's summer months—can be attributed to human activities that exacerbate climate change.

The Science Behind the Flames

Research indicates that from 1971 to 2021, climate change contributed to a 172% increase in burned areas, with a staggering 320% increase noted from 1996 to 2021 alone. These figures are not just statistics; they represent a rapidly escalating risk to human life, property, and ecosystems. Factors such as higher temperatures and increased dryness, which are symptomatic of climate change, have been identified as primary catalysts for the growing intensity of wildfires.

Moving Forward: Action and Adaptation

The link between climate change and wildfires is undeniable and calls for immediate action. Our commitment at the Global Climate Association is to advocate for and implement strategies that not only address the root causes of climate change but also enhance the resilience of our landscapes. This includes pushing for policies that promote sustainable land management and supporting innovations in how we prepare for and respond to climate disasters to create communities that are climate resilient.

As we continue to witness the devastating impacts of these fires, it is a stark reminder of the urgent need for comprehensive climate action. We invite our readers and supporters to join us in advocating for policies that prioritize the planet's health and safety. Together, we can confront and mitigate the effects of climate change, safeguarding our communities for future generations.

References:

1. National Integrated Drought Information System, 2023. https://www.drought.gov/news/study-finds-climate-change-blame-record-breaking-california-wildfires-2023-08-08

2. CBS News, 2025. https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/california-windstorm-fuels-pacific-palisades-wildfire-as-residents-flee-live-updates/

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/./

As we approach the five-year mark for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the urgency for progress on SDG7—universal access to clean, affordable energy—has never been more pressing. Despite our efforts, the world is not on track to meet this critical goal. The planet is experiencing unprecedented heat, with each month since June 2023 breaking records as the hottest on record. June alone marked the third consecutive month exceeding the 1.5°C limit set by the Paris Agreement.

The consequences of this extreme heat are severe: prolonged droughts, record-breaking rainfall, intensified storms, and shifting weather patterns. The communities most affected by these changes are often those least responsible for climate change. A recent joint analysis by leading global institutions, including the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization, reveals a troubling shortfall in our pursuit of SDG7. Current measures are inadequate to get us back on track.

Since the early 2000s, the percentage of the global population with access to electricity has risen from just over 75% to 91%. However, this progress is insufficient given the accelerating population growth. Recent disruptions—such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical conflicts like Russia’s war in Ukraine, and instability in the Middle East—have reversed some of the gains. In 2022, the number of people without access to electricity rose to 685 million, an increase of ten million from the previous year. If this trend continues, over 660 million people will remain without electricity by 2030, marking a failure to meet SDG7.

Significant advancements have been made in connecting populations in Asia and Latin America, but Sub-Saharan Africa remains a critical challenge, housing 80% of the world's unelectrified population. With hundreds of millions at risk, immediate and concerted action is essential to avoid further setbacks. The pace of renewable energy adoption is insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement’s mid-century net-zero targets or address the urgent development needs of those in energy poverty.

Yet, there are grounds for optimism. As noted by Dr. Sultan Al Jaber, President of COP28, "The energy transition is not a choice; it is a necessity for sustainable development. We must act swiftly and collaboratively to ensure no one is left behind." This spirit of collaboration is exemplified by recent initiatives such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank’s groundbreaking partnership to provide electricity to 300 million people in Africa by 2030.

Recent reports in The Guardian and Financial Times highlight successful projects in Kenya and India, where decentralized renewable energy systems have transformed rural communities. In Kenya, the expansion of mini-grids powered by solar energy has not only brought electricity to remote areas but has also boosted local economies by enabling businesses to operate more efficiently and children to study after dark. Similarly, in India, the government’s Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme has empowered farmers by subsidizing solar-powered irrigation systems, reducing dependency on expensive and unreliable diesel pumps.

To close the gap, we must bolster existing policies and increase investments, particularly in remote and low-income areas where most of the unelectrified population resides. The current focus on greening the grid and reducing fossil fuel consumption in wealthier countries must be balanced with a commitment to improving energy access in poorer regions. Providing a modern energy minimum of 1,000 kilowatt-hours per person annually is crucial, yet the average per capita energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa is only 180 kWh, compared to 6,000-13,000 kWh in wealthier nations.

By 2024, clean energy investment in emerging markets and developing economies outside China is expected to remain around 15% of the global total—far short of what is needed. With economic crises looming in countries like Nigeria, unlocking climate finance for energy access is more urgent than ever. However, the successful execution of renewable energy projects, like those seen in Kenya and India, serves as a model for other regions. As highlighted in The New York Times, the success of these initiatives relies heavily on knowledge transfer and capacity building, ensuring that local communities can manage and maintain these systems sustainably.

Energy creates opportunities. Investments in electricity, coupled with funding for tools that harness that energy—such as solar-powered water pumps, refrigerators, and essential services—can boost incomes, productivity, and job creation. Achieving these goals will require unprecedented international collaboration. As Dr. Al Jaber emphasizes, "Bold action and unity are paramount. We must ensure that the energy transition leaves no one behind."

The world cannot afford another year of stagnation on SDG7. To reach net-zero emissions, we must undertake an energy transition that is inclusive and equitable. This is our moment to act decisively and make a tangible difference for future generations.

References:

• International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, and World Health Organization. (2023). Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved from https://www.irena.org

• The Guardian. (2023). Kenya’s Solar-Powered Mini-Grids Transform Rural Lives. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/kenya-solar-mini-grids

• Financial Times. (2023). India’s PM-KUSUM Scheme Empowers Farmers with Solar-Powered Irrigation. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/india-pm-kusum-solar-irrigation

• Sultan Al Jaber, COP28 President. (2024). Speech at the Global Energy Transition Forum. Retrieved from https://www.cop28.com/speeches/sultan-al-jaber-global-energy-transition

• New York Times. (2023). Knowledge Transfer as Key to Sustainable Renewable Energy Projects. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2023/energy/renewable-projects-knowledge-transfer

• World Bank & African Development Bank. (2023). Partnership to Provide Electricity to 300 Million People in Africa by 2030. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2023/afdb-world-bank-electricity-africa👉

• Paris Agreement. (2015). Paris Climate Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

• United Nations. (2023). Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023

Guest Blog

👉 This article was authored by Rizul Choudhury, Marketing Director for India at Husk Power Systems.

Rizul Choudhury has over 16 years of experience in Brand Management, Go-to-Market Strategy, and Strategic Marketing. His work focuses on advancing sustainability, energy access, and socio-economic development, particularly in rural communities. A strong advocate for gender inclusion and climate risk mitigation, Rizul specializes in creating and executing impactful strategies aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). He is dedicated to partnering with international organizations to drive positive change in vulnerable regions globally.

👉 This blog was edited and published by Dr. Poulomi Chakravarty, Founder of the Global Climate Association.

👉 Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official stance of any affiliated organizations.

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

On July 30, 2024, the serene district of Wayanad in Kerala, India was struck by a series of devastating landslides in the Monsoon season, marking yet another tragic chapter in the region's struggle with natural disasters. The landslides, triggered by unprecedented rainfall, have so far claimed more than 150 lives and left many injured. This disaster has once again highlighted the growing threats posed by climate change and the consequences of ignoring ecological recommendations.

The Immediate Cause: Torrential Rainfall and Atmospheric Instability

The recent landslides in Wayanad are directly linked to extremely heavy rainfall caused by deep mesoscale cloud systems forming over the SouthEast Arabian Sea. According to Dr. S. Abhilash, Director of the Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research at Cochin University of Science and Technology, the Arabian Sea's warming has led to the development of these deep cloud systems, resulting in intense rainfall over Kerala. This atmospheric instability, exacerbated by climate change, has shifted the rain-bearing belt southward, making regions like Wayanad more susceptible to extreme weather events.

The Broader Context: Climate Change and Its Impact

Climate change has significantly altered weather patterns, leading to more convective rainfall over India's west coast. Research by Dr. S. Abhilash and other scientists indicates that the frequency and intensity of such rainfall have increased, raising the probability of landslides in the Western Ghats' high to mid-land slopes. The recent rainfall, with several regions recording between 19 cm and 35 cm in 24 hours, saturated the soil, making it highly prone to landslides.

Human Factors: Ignoring Ecological Sensitivity

While climate change plays a crucial role, human activities have compounded the disaster's impact. Renowned Ecologist and Awardee of Padma Bhushan (highest ranked civilian award for Indians) Prof. Madhav Gadgil, former Chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), has termed the Wayanad disaster a man-made tragedy. He criticizes the Kerala government for failing to implement the panel's ecological recommendations. The WGEEP had classified Wayanad's landslide-stricken areas as highly sensitive, recommending No Development only in the Zones of Highest Ecological Sensitivity within the area. However, extensive development, including tea plantations, tourist resorts, and artificial lakes, has disrupted the region's fragile ecology. In an earlier conversation with Prof. Gadgil at a conference in Ranchi, India in the year 2016, he acknowledged that reports are sometimes tailored to align with lucrative development projects rather than adhering to the actual recommendations made by scientists. Reports often state that only domestic or least concern species are present in particular areas, neglecting the presence of rare or endangered species to promote human development.

The Role of Quarries and Development Projects

The presence of quarries near the disaster site has further exacerbated the situation. Although defunct now, the quarries' operational shockwaves likely contributed to the landslides during heavy rains. Prof. Gadgil also pointed out that recent infrastructure development projects, carried out under the guise of ecotourism, have disturbed the environment. These activities, often endorsed by the state government, have ignored the region's ecological sensitivity.

The Path Forward: Implementing Ecological Recommendations

The recurring natural disasters in Kerala, including the 2019 floods and the recent landslides, underscore the urgent need for proactive measures. Gadgil emphasizes that without serious efforts to implement ecological recommendations, such disasters will continue to recur. Climate change is expected to bring more extreme rainfall and droughts, making it imperative for the government to take ecological sensitivity seriously.

Conclusion

The Wayanad landslides are a grim reminder of the delicate balance between nature and human activities. While climate change has increased the region's vulnerability to extreme weather events, ignoring ecological recommendations has compounded the disaster's impact. It is crucial for the government and stakeholders to prioritize sustainable development and implement necessary ecological measures to prevent such tragedies in the future. The Wayanad disaster calls for immediate action to safeguard the region's ecological integrity and ensure the safety and well-being of its inhabitants.

Climate change resilience and adaptation are of utmost importance now. These strategies must be developed in consultation with scientists and local communities who understand the landscape, rather than being driven solely by business interests. The devastating loss observed from blindly pursuing development highlights the need for a balanced approach that prioritizes ecological sensitivity and sustainable practices. Ignoring these considerations can lead to catastrophic consequences, ultimately costing more in the long run.

The question now arises is what is the best step forward?

References

1. C.P.Sajit (2024) Kerala’s Wayanad landslide: Wayanad disaster man-made, says Madhav Gadgil, blames Kerala Government for ignoring ecological recommendations, The Hindu. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-disaster-man-made-says-madhav-gadgil-blames-kerala-government-for-ignoring-ecological-recommendations/article68463667.ece (Accessed: 31 July 2024).

2. Press Trust of India (2024) Warming of Arabian Sea linked to Wayanad landslides, says climate scientist, The Hindu. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/warming-of-arabian-sea-linked-to-wayanad-landslides-says-climate-scientist/article68464518.ece (Accessed: 31 July 2024).

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Climate change is affecting everyone. Issues like mass extinction, pollution, and socio-economic problems are creating a sense of despair. However, creative pursuits like art and music can positively change the narrative.

During an interview with Peter Clayton at the Terra Torrent : A Dialogue Series, a part of the Terra Confluence 2024 event series, an intriguing initiative came to light: Naturefest. Peter Clayton from Brisbane, Australia and Karen Adams from Coventry, England are working on starting Naturefest, a movement designed to inspire, educate, and mobilize communities to live sustainably and take care of the environment. This blog post explores how Naturefest can help fight climate change and looks at the advantages and disadvantages of such initiatives. With a shared vision and the right support, Naturefest can transform communities and create a brighter, more sustainable future for everyone.

Unveiling Naturefest: A Vision for a Sustainable World

This audacious vision seeks to launch hundreds of Naturefest festivals simultaneously around the world, starting in 2025, where the power of music, performing arts and inspiring talks are intermingled with innovative regional STEM projects, and where local citizens get the chance to meet and discuss local issues with local law makers and politicians. The festivals that run from between 1 and 3 days also include chill zones for viewing documentaries, as well as a practical projects area for soil health education and nature-bathing. But here's the really interesting part; what begins at the local festival, continues on into a digital environment which serves as a global centralized knowledge hub of how-to information that is freely accessible for anyone anywhere in the world that wants to replicate a Naturefest project in their locality.

System change at scale, with a smile and a song!

Karen Adams, Founder of The Circularists and Co Founder of Naturefest

Naturefest aims to be more than just a festival. It's a comprehensive plan to bring people together to learn about sustainability, engage in hands-on activities, and commit to actions that protect the planet. By hosting workshops, talks by environmental experts, and interactive sessions, Naturefest will provide practical knowledge and skills that attendees can implement in their daily lives. The goal is to foster a sense of community and collective responsibility, encouraging participants to take meaningful steps toward a sustainable future. Through these immersive experiences, Naturefest aspires to inspire lasting change and empower communities to be proactive in the fight against climate change.

How Naturefest Can Help Combat Climate Change

Education and awareness are at the core of Naturefest. Plans for Naturefest include talks by scientists, environmentalists, and innovators who will share the latest insights and solutions for fighting climate change. Additionally, hands-on workshops will teach practical skills such as composting, urban farming, and sustainable living practices.

Community building is another key aspect. Each Naturefest will address the specific environmental challenges of the local area, fostering a sense of community and collective responsibility. Policy tents at the festivals will provide a platform for community members to engage directly with local policymakers, advocating for necessary legislative changes.

Inspiration and motivation are integral to the Naturefest experience. By integrating fun elements like music, comedy, and nature activities, Naturefest will ensure that learning and taking action are enjoyable and engaging. Showcasing successful environmental projects and innovations will motivate attendees to believe in the possibility of impactful change.

Naturefest also plans to utilize digital platforms like Discord and Trello to connect participants globally, facilitating the exchange of ideas and best practices. The use of standardized templates and instructions will allow for the rapid and efficient setup of multiple festivals, amplifying the impact.

The conceptual framework of Naturefest, along with its standardized instructions, can be applied across various sectors and thousands of initiatives. This approach allows for the duplication and rapid scaling of efforts worldwide, dramatically accelerating their impact. Examples include restoring mangroves, creating circular fashion businesses, and implementing waste management initiatives across all sectors.

Peter Clayton, Founder of Naturefest

Benefits of Initiatives Like Naturefest

One of the major advantages of Naturefest is its widespread reach. Organizing simultaneous events worldwide means it can reach and influence a vast number of people, creating a significant cumulative impact. By combining education with entertainment, Naturefest plans to ensure high levels of engagement and participation, making environmental action accessible and appealing to a broad audience.

Each festival will be customized to address the unique environmental issues of its location, ensuring that actions taken are relevant and effective. Moreover, Naturefest will facilitate connections between individuals, organizations, and policymakers, fostering collaborations that can lead to innovative solutions and strengthened community efforts.

Challenges for Initiatives Like Naturefest

However, organizing multiple large-scale events requires significant resources, including time, money, and manpower, which can be a challenge to sustain long-term. The success of Naturefest heavily relies on the active participation of communities. Without sufficient engagement, the impact may be limited.

Coordinating simultaneous events across different regions involves complex logistics, which can be challenging to manage effectively. There is also a risk that attendees might enjoy the festival experience but fail to translate their enthusiasm into sustained environmental action post-event.

Conclusion

Climate change and its associated issues are creating a sense of despair. Initiatives like Naturefest, however, offer a way to turn that despair into hope and action. By combining education, community engagement, and practical action, Naturefest aims to empower individuals to take responsibility for their environmental impact. While there are challenges associated with organizing and sustaining such initiatives, the potential benefits—widespread awareness, community building, and actionable change—make Naturefest a vital plan for creating a healthier planet for future generations. As we continue to face the escalating threats of climate change, initiatives like Naturefest remind us that collective action, driven by informed and motivated communities, is our most powerful tool in creating a sustainable future.

/👉 Explore the vision of Naturefest at https://youtu.be/2PadrXX1HOY?si=V4x2L7PMMPDFuzFL

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, sustainability, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

At the eve of the World Environment Day on June 5th 2024, we are facing the ever rising risk of global climate and environmental crisis which calls for immediate action in all spheres of life including the energy industry. In 2024 the world has witnessed surging heatwaves in Asia and Africa, floods in Brazil, cloudburst in Dubai and persisting impacts of wildfires in Hawaii and Canada among many other extreme weather events. Globally, people are banding together to come up with innovative solutions to the changing climate and renewable energy industry is one such area of constant flux. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy and waste products like husk and crop byproducts are useful in rural and semi-urban settings as a low amount of energy is required by these areas in comparison to metropolitan cities and industrial areas. The advantage of these mini grid energy setup is that it uses renewable sources as well as waste product which otherwise would have caused a nuisance if burnt or disposed. In today's article we will explore an actively emerging mini grid company which is based in Asia and Africa.

Image: Mini-grid Power Station at Lalganj, Bihar, India

From September 15-17, 2023, the Environmental Journalism Network (EJN) hosted a Communicator's Workshop on Renewable energy in Patna, India. One of the interesting activity of the workshop included a field visit to a mini grid station by a renewable energy company the Husk Power Systems with a short introduction of their initiative by Saugata Dutta, India Country Director of the company. I was among the participants of the workshop and we visited the Husk Power Systems station at Lalganj, a village in Bihar and engaged in a detailed conversation with Rizul Choudhury, Director of Marketing for Husk Power Systems (India) to understand the company’s transformative role in the rural energy sector.

Image: In conversation with Rizul Choudhury at Lalganj, Picture Credit: Manasi Pinto, EJN

Transformative Role in Renewable Energy

Husk Power Systems,employs a hybrid model combining solar PV and biomass gasifier technologies to provide reliable, renewable energy to off-grid and weak-grid communities led by Manoj Sinha, the Founder & CEO from Bihar. Rizul Choudhury emphasized the importance of mini-grids, stating, “Mini grid... can play a big role in transforming the energy landscape.” This approach not only meets energy needs but also fosters local development and inclusivity.

Image: Engineer at the Power Station, Lalganj

Community Engagement and Technological Innovation

Choudhury highlighted how Husk Power’s initiatives are focused in community engagement. The company employs advanced AI and IoT technologies to ensure theft-proof and efficient energy distribution. "We are working with many communities within this small region,” he noted, showcasing the mutual growth fostered by their community-centric model. “From our head office, we can observe which plant has how much energy is generating, how much energy is going, and then the smart meter also tells us how much each end customer is consuming. This connected system allows us to immediately address any issues, ensuring efficiency and security.”

Image: Birender, Proprietor of Jyoti Engineering Works at Lalganj (Vaishali)

Empowering Through Employment and Training

A key aspect of Husk Power’s strategy is its commitment to local employment and training. Choudhury shared plans for an all-women Network Operating Center, reflecting their efforts to empower local talent and promote gender inclusivity. “We have created around 500 jobs for local community members, training them and deploying them in our operations.” he explained, underlining the importance of investing in people.

Sustainability and Profitability

Choudhury’s insights revealed that sustainable solutions can also be profitable when approached strategically. Husk Power’s integration of sustainability into their business model has opened new markets and driven long-term profitability. “In 2022, we became the first company in mini-grids to be profitable because we are consistently working with the community, understanding their needs, and helping them grow,” he noted. “When the community grows, we grow together.”

The Pay-as-you-go System: A Digital Revolution

The introduction of the pay-as-you-go system by Husk Power has been well-received in rural areas. Choudhury explained, “Initially, there was a problem due to limited smartphone penetration, but after the 4G revolution, people started using smartphones more widely. Through our app, they can easily manage their energy consumption.”

Image: Local Apparel Shop and Boutique Proprietor

Local Solutions for Local Needs

Beyond just power, Husk Power Systems is deeply involved in understanding and catering to local needs. They provide not only energy but also energy-efficient appliances directly to consumers. “We have partnered with top OEMs (original equipment manufacturer)** like Samsung and LG to offer durable consumer products at the doorstep of rural customers, with EMI options and without interest or processing fees,” Choudhury explained. This model ensures affordability and convenience for rural customers.

Commitment to India’s Renewable Energy Goals

Choudhury expressed confidence in Husk Power’s role in supporting India’s commitment to meeting 50% of its energy requirements with renewable energy. “We are part of the government’s plan, and we also motivate private investors to join this transition. Mini-grids will play a pivotal role in reaching net-zero emissions, especially in rural areas where 60-70% of the population resides.”

Record Capital Raise for Expansion

In a significant development, in October 2023, Husk Power Systems raised $103 million to fund a sevenfold expansion in India and Africa. This record funding round includes $43 million in equity and the rest in debt, enabling the company to increase its mini-grids from 200 to over 1,500 in four years. Investors include France’s STOA, the US’s Development Finance Corp., and Proparco. Husk Power currently operates mainly in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Nigeria, and plans to expand to the Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries. They aim to replace diesel generators with solar and biomass-powered mini-grids. In April 2024, Husk Power Systems secured $4 million in funding from ElectriFI, a Europe-based Electrification financing initiative.

Conclusion

The visit to Husk Power Systems illuminated the practical application of renewable energy solutions and highlighted the potential for sustainable practices to drive both community development and business success. Choudhury’s insights reinforced the essential role of innovative companies like Husk Power Systems in the global fight against climate change, showcasing that sustainability and profitability can indeed go hand in hand.

In the words of Choudhury, “This industry is completely different, where you are helping the community to grow,and you see the direct benefits and satisfaction on their faces. It’s about equitably benefiting everybody and growing together.”

Glimpse of Market Area or Bazzar at Lalganj

The conversation with Rijul Choudhury and local community members led me to believe the mini grid system is a functional system that is useful to the rural community of Bihar, especially women entrepreneurs with small businesses earn a livelihood utilizing the renewable energy source who were earlier bereft of proper electricity services as is the case in rural India. This transition towards betterment of rural and semi urban settlement is positive development for our society where masses are not dependent on fossil fuel based energy for their survival and increase in mini grids like these across the world might be the energy transition we need so urgently.

References:

1. Five ways to jump-start the Renewable Energy Transition Now (2024) United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy-transition.

2. Husk power secures additional USD 4 MN from Electrifi to expand solar minigrids business - ET energyworld, ETEnergyworld.com. (2024) Available at: https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/husk-power-secures-additional-usd-4-mn-from-electrifi-to-expand-solar-minigrids-business/109329695.

3. U.S.-based husk power raises record $103 million for mini-grids projects in Africa and India (2023) YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGoH-TVr6NE .

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Introduction

Climate change is no longer a distant threat but a present reality, manifesting in extreme weather events like heatwaves, wildfires, and floods that are becoming increasingly frequent and severe across the globe. Environmental issues are affecting communities worldwide, from rising sea levels to the loss of biodiversity. In this context of urgency, individuals and communities are stepping up to make a difference. I'm Poulomi Chakravarty, founder of the Global Climate Association (GCA) from India, and I wish to share my journey alongside Drs. Grietje Keller, from the Netherlands who is the Co-Lead of the Mad Studies group at the Perceval Foundation, dedicated to creating a community for people with special experiences and combating their marginalization. Our paths crossed through CoJourn, a unique platform that promotes shared accountability and partnership. CoJourn For Climate Action was first time hosted in February 2024 and we both were participants of this pilot program. This is our story of collaboration and the impact we've made together.

The CoJourn Platform

CoJourn, created by Dr. Molly Keehn and Karl Henricksen, fosters accountability through partnership. Their 12-week CoJourn for Climate Action program brought Grietje and me together, two passionate individuals from different backgrounds but united by a common goal: addressing climate change. Our collaboration on this platform led to meaningful actions and shared learning, proving the power of global cooperation in tackling the climate crisis.

My Story

Background in Environmental Activism

I come from India, with a deep passion for environmental advocacy. My educational background in Environmental Sciences, focusing on natural hazards, motivated me to pursue a Doctoral Degree. I founded the Global Climate Association (GCA) to create a platform dedicated to climate literacy, action, and community engagement.

Personal Motivations

My commitment to climate advocacy is driven by the belief that spreading accurate scientific information and building an informed network is crucial to combating climate change. The journey has its challenges, but my vision remains clear: to create a global community that is aware, educated, and motivated to take action against climate change.

Grietje’s Story

Background in Climate Advocacy and Political Activism

The climate crisis, the war in Ukraine, the atrocities in Gaza, and the backlash against transgender and women's rights make me feel depressed and helpless. It all makes me want to close my eyes, avoid reading or watching the news, and focus on my day-to-day activities. I regularly sign online petitions and occasionally participate in demonstrations. In the most recent elections in the Netherlands in November 2023, an extreme right-wing party with an anti-immigrant and anti-environment platform became the largest party. Since then, I decided to step up my activities, hoping to feel less hopeless and helpless. But where to start? I saw an announcement for CoJourn for Climate Action and decided to sign up. I was paired with Poulomi, and we had weekly phone calls for 12 weeks.

Discussing Our Climate Goals

Poulomi's Climate Goals

My goals are multifaceted, focusing on grassroots movements, education, and policy influence in India and beyond. I believe in the power of local action and am committed to fostering community-led initiatives. My aim is to revolutionize climate action globally, integrating climate science into curricula and developing diverse educational resources for local communities and young learners to make them aware of the pressing issues of climate and environment. My advocacy also extends to influencing environmental policies worldwide, ensuring sustainable practices are embedded in development plans.

Grietje’s Climate Goals

My climate goals are focused committing to political activism and community engagement in the Netherlands, driven by the urgency of the climate crisis and the rise of political movements opposing environmental protections. I believe that substantial change can only be achieved through political advocacy and grassroots mobilization. My goal was to step up my own actions and go beyond signing online petitions, attending demonstration once every few years and some individual actions (consuming less, trying not to fly, eating mostly plants etc).

Approaches to Climate Action

Spreading Climate Awareness by Terra Confluence 2024 by Poulomi

The CoJourn for Climate Action program provided us with the tools and support needed to work towards our climate goals. After starting the 12-week CoJourn journey, I utilized the platform to plan and execute the international event series Terra Confluence 2024. Terra, means earth, and Confluence, meaning convergence, marked the Earth Day this year and was held from April 22nd to April 29th, extended to May 5th due to overwhelming responses. This significant event aimed at promoting climate literacy and action was completely planned by me within one month and executed effortlessly by the help of our international collaborators UMass Amherst NSDC Chapter led by Sai Gattupalli, HerWILL led by Farhana Hasan, Planet Alba led by Albert Schiller. The CoJourn structure was instrumental in hosting this successful event and support provided by Molly Keehn, Jessie Cooley and Angélica Castro were the positive boost for the global climate and environment awareness initiative.

Integrating Climate Activism with Community Engagement by Grietje

In one of our early conversations, Poulomi suggested combining my existing efforts in organizing reading groups with climate activism. Why not start a similar reading group focused on climate issues? Inspired by this idea, I decided to create a climate reading group.

I collaborated with the organization that hosts my current reading groups to set up a new group at the intersection of philosophy and climate change. We chose to read Schokeffecten by Wouter Kusters, a book that explores philosophical approaches to climate change. I've secured a location, set dates, and am now actively recruiting participants.

Additionally, during these 12 weeks, I attended a demonstration about the Lutkemeerpolder and sent letters to city council members advocating for the preservation of the Lutkemeerpolder.

Image: About page from the Red Ons Groen Website

I am actively involved in the Red Ons Groen initiative, a campaign launched by Behoud Lutkemeer and Voedselpark Amsterdam to prevent the construction of a massive 55,000 m² distribution hall on Amsterdam's last fertile agricultural land. The campaign opposed Proptimize BV's plans, highlighting the importance of preserving this valuable green space for community-led urban agriculture rather than allowing its destruction for real estate profit. As the construction of the largest distribution center is scheduled for the first quarter of 2024, and the partial revision of the zoning plan is on the municipal agenda, Red Ons Groen called for immediate action. The campaign aimed to collect 100,000 signatures and organize protests to demonstrate widespread citizen support for preserving the Lutkemeerpolder.

Overcoming Challenges

Both Grietje and I faced numerous challenges in our current climate action journey. However, our partnership on the CoJourn platform allowed us to support each other and find innovative solutions. By sharing our experiences and insights, we were able to overcome obstacles and make meaningful progress towards our goals.

Holding Each Other Accountable

Accountability was a key component of our collaboration. Through regular check-ins and mutual support, Grietje and I kept each other motivated and focused. This partnership not only strengthened our resolve but also ensured that our actions had a lasting impact.

Lessons Learned and Shared Insights

Through our journey, we learned the importance of collaboration, perseverance, and adaptability and most importantly kindness. Our experiences highlighted the power of global solidarity and shared responsibility in tackling the climate crisis. By working together, we were able to achieve more than we could have individually.

Call to Action and Conclusion

As I conclude this blog, I encourage readers to take their own steps towards climate action. Whether it’s joining a local initiative, starting a reading group, or participating in advocacy efforts, every action counts. Our story emphasizes on the importance of global solidarity and the need for each of us to play our part in addressing the climate crisis.

If you are interested in ways you can use the CoJourn Framework to support your own Climate Action Initiatives, learn more on the website and contact us at www.cojourn.org (more CoJourn for Climate Action programs will be coming soon!)

- Molly Keehn, Ed.D., Co Founder, CoJourn

This blog is jointly authored by Grietje Keller and Poulomi Chakravarty to share their experience as online participants of CoJourn for Climate Action Pilot program.

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, upcoming events, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Introduction

Asia is currently experiencing one of the most severe heatwaves in recent history, with record-breaking temperatures affecting millions. This extreme weather highlights the urgent need to address climate change. Notably, New Delhi recently recorded an unprecedented temperature of above 50 degrees, the highest ever in the city. This article explores the current heatwave situation across Asia, its links to climate change, the effects on health and society, and strategies for mitigation.

Current Heatwave Situation in Asia

The ongoing heatwave has set alarming new records across several Asian countries. In India, on May 29, 2024, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that a weather station in Delhi's Mungeshpur recorded a staggering 52.3 degrees Celsius which is a outlier. While this reading is under investigation due to its extremity that may be attributed to glitch in the monitoring station, it underscores the severity of the heatwave. Other areas in Rajasthan and Haryana have also experienced temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius.

Similarly, countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Thailand are facing extreme heat conditions. In Pakistan, cities such as Jacobabad and Sibi have recorded temperatures above 50 degrees Celsius. Bangladesh's Dhaka has experienced prolonged heatwaves, severely affecting daily life and public health. In Thailand, the capital Bangkok and other major cities have seen temperatures soar above 40 degrees Celsius, coupled with high humidity levels, making conditions almost unbearable.

Climate Change and Its Role in Heatwaves

Climate change is a significant driver of the increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves across Asia. Decades of scientific research have established that global warming leads to more extreme weather events. Rising greenhouse gas emissions, increasing urban landscapes trap more heat in the atmosphere, causing temperatures to soar. The current heatwave in Asia is a stark reminder of these trends and the urgent need for climate action.

The most vulnerable are suffering the most. Current policies are taking the world to a 2.8 degree temperature rise by the end of the century. That spells catastrophe. Yet the collective response remains pitiful.– Antonio Guterres, Secretary General UN

Effects of Heatwaves on Health and Society

Heatwaves pose severe health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and low-income households. Heat strokes, dehydration, and other heat-related illnesses can become rampant during extreme temperatures. The IMD has issued a red alert health notice for Delhi, warning of a very high likelihood of developing heat illnesses across all age groups.

In Bangladesh, hospitals are seeing a surge in patients with heat-related conditions. Pakistan has issued health advisories and opened cooling centers to help residents cope. Thailand has implemented public awareness campaigns to educate citizens on heatwave safety.

The economic impact of heatwaves is also significant. Increased power consumption strains electricity grids, leading to potential blackouts. Medical costs rise as more people seek treatment for heat-related conditions. Additionally, productivity drops as workers struggle to function in extreme heat.

Heatwaves and Mental Health

The impact of heatwaves extends beyond physical health, significantly affecting mental health as well. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can lead to increased stress levels, anxiety, and depression. High temperatures can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to irritability and cognitive impairment. Communities in areas like Northern India, where temperatures have reached record highs, report increased cases of mental health issues during heatwaves. Living in Eastern part of India with temperature above 44 degrees Celsius, I am unable to sleep more than 2-3 hours since March as the coolest temperatures are only prevalent between 3-5 a.m causing sleep deprivation related cognitive issues. Providing adequate mental health support and ensuring access to cooling spaces can help alleviate these pressures.

Greening Urban Areas to Combat Heatwaves

Urban areas can play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of heatwaves through greening initiatives. Planting more trees and creating green spaces in cities can significantly reduce temperatures by providing shade and facilitating evapotranspiration. Agroforestry practices following Biotic Pump Principle might be the thing we need to implement immediately, to acquire the much needed cooling effect. In India, initiatives to increase urban greenery have shown promise in creating cooler microclimates. Additionally, green roofs and walls can insulate buildings, reducing the need for air conditioning and lowering overall energy consumption. Integrating these green solutions with urban infrastructure planning is essential for creating sustainable and resilient cities capable of withstanding extreme heat.

Mitigation Strategies for Individuals

Individuals can take several steps to mitigate the effects of heatwaves

• 1. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day and avoid alcohol, caffeine, and sugary drinks which can lead to dehydration.

     2. Stay Indoors During Peak Heat: Avoid outdoor activities between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun is at its strongest.

     3. Use Fans and Air Conditioning: Keep cool with fans, air conditioning, or cool showers. If you don’t have air conditioning, visit public places like malls or libraries.

     4. Wear Appropriate Clothing: Dress in lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to help keep your body cool.

     5. Apply Sunscreen: Use sunscreen with a high SPF to protect your skin from harmful UV rays when going outside.

     6. Cool Your Living Space: Keep blinds and curtains closed during the day to block out the sun. Use reflective materials or light-colored curtains to reduce heat absorption.

     7. Limit Physical Activity: Reduce strenuous activities during the hottest parts of the day. Take frequent breaks if you must be active outside.

     8. Eat Light: Consume small, light, and frequent meals. Avoid heavy, hot foods that can increase body temperature.

     9. Check on Vulnerable People: Ensure that elderly, children, and those with health conditions are staying cool and hydrated.

     10. Know the Signs of Heat-Related Illness: Be aware of symptoms like heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and fainting. Seek medical attention if symptoms worsen.

Community and Government Actions

Communities and governments across Asia play a crucial role in combating heatwaves:

• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate the public about heatwave risks and prevention measures.

• Cooling Centers: Establish public cooling centers for those without access to air conditioning.

• Urban Planning: Enhance green spaces and urban forestry to reduce urban heat islands.

• Infrastructure Improvements: Upgrade the electricity grid to handle increased demand during heatwaves.

Long-Term Solutions to Combat Climate Change

Addressing the root cause of increasing heatwaves requires long-term solutions to combat climate change:

• Renewable Energy: Transition to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

• Energy Efficiency: Promote energy-efficient appliances and buildings.

• Sustainable Practices: Encourage sustainable agricultural practices and water conservation.

• Policy and Advocacy: Support policies that address climate change and advocate for international cooperation.

Conclusion

The severe heatwave affecting Asia, particularly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Thailand, is a dire warning of the impacts of climate change. Individual actions, community efforts, and government interventions are essential to mitigate the immediate effects of heatwaves and address the long-term challenges posed by global warming. Staying informed and proactive is crucial as we navigate these increasingly extreme weather conditions.

References:

1. NDTV. "Is It Really 52.3 Degrees In Delhi? Weather Chief Says Investigating Readings." NDTV.com, 29 May 2024. Link

2. BBC News. "Heatwave: Record Temperatures Hit Pakistan and India." BBC.com, 28 May 2024. Link

3. The Guardian. "Bangladesh Heatwave: Hospitals Overwhelmed as Temperatures Soar." The Guardian.com, 27 May 2024. Link

4. Bangkok Post. "No letup, more hot days ahead", 26 May 2024. Link

5. Lo, A. (2023) Biotic Pump : Anastasia Makarieva interview, Biotic Pump : Anastasia Makarieva interview - by Alpha Lo. Available at: https://climatewaterproject.substack.com/p/biotic-pump-anastasia-makarieva-interview (Accessed: 01 April 2024).

6. Bunyard PP, Collin E, de Laet R, et al. (2024). Restoring the earth’s damaged temperature regulation is the fastest way out of the climate crisis. Cooling the planet with plants. Int J Biosen Bioelectron. 9(1):7‒15. DOI: 10.15406/ijbsbe.2024.09.00237

7. Bunyard, P. (2015) The Biotic Pump we ignore at our peril, Resurgence. Available at: https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article4423-the-biotic-pump-we-ignore-at-our-peril.htm l (Accessed: 01 April 2024).

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Introduction The Supreme Court of India’s recent landmark judgment, declaring the right to be free from adverse effects of climate change, marks a pivotal moment in the nation’s environmental jurisprudence. This historic decision, dated March 21, 2024, weaves together constitutional rights with environmental protection, addressing the pressing challenges of climate change. It reflects a progressive understanding of the intricate balance between human rights and ecological preservation.

Background of the Case The case at hand revolved around the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB), a critically endangered species. The majestic bird, emblematic of India’s rich biodiversity, has been facing threats due to habitat loss and human-induced environmental changes. The Supreme Court's intervention in this matter was sought after concerning the fatalities of these birds due to collisions with overhead power lines in their habitat areas. This case, therefore, presented a unique opportunity for the court to address broader environmental issues.

Image: Great Indian Bustard (Source: Simerpreet Cheema on Unsplash)

The Judgment and Its Significance The Supreme Court's judgment, authored by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, extended the scope of Articles 14 (equality before law) and 21 (right to life and personal liberty) of the Constitution, recognizing the right to a healthy environment as integral to these provisions. The Court asserted that this right encompasses being free from the harmful impacts of climate change. This interpretation marks a significant shift in legal thinking, aligning India with global movements advocating for environmental justice and recognizing the human impact of climate change.

Image: Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud (source: Prime Minister's Office (GODL-India)

India's International Commitments and Renewable Energy The judgment arrives at a time when India is actively participating in international climate commitments, including the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. It underscores India’s dedication to renewable energy, particularly solar power, as a strategy for mitigating climate change impacts. This decision highlights the need to align national policies and actions with these international obligations while ensuring environmental conservation.

Balancing Conservation and Development In addressing the GIB conservation issue, the judgment skillfully balances the need for sustainable development with the urgency of wildlife protection. The Court modifies its previous directives on underground power lines, considering the economic and practical aspects, while ensuring that conservation remains a priority.

Implications for Policy and Future Litigation This judgment sets a precedent for future environmental policies and litigation in India. It may inspire environmental activism and shape governmental policies towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices. The decision is poised to influence how environmental challenges are approached in courtrooms, potentially leading to more environmentally conscious jurisprudence.

Conclusion The Supreme Court of India's ruling is a beacon of hope for global environmentalists and citizens alike, symbolizing a judicial acknowledgment of the climate crisis and its human impact. It paves the way for a future where legal frameworks protect not just the rights of individuals but also the health of the environment. This judgment is a testament to India's commitment to forging a sustainable and resilient future for all.

References:

1. Judgment on Writ Petition (Civil) No. 838 of 2019 and And with Civil Appeal No. 3570 of 2022. Available at: https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/20754/20754_2019_1_25_51677_Judgement_21-Mar-2024.pdf (Accessed: 10 April 2024).

2. Express view on Supreme Court linking climate change and fundamental rights: A call to action (2024) The Indian Express. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-supreme-court-linking-climate-change-and-fundamental-rights-a-call-to-action-9258966/ (Accessed: 10 April 2024).

3. Right against climate change part of right to life, equality: Read the Supreme Court’s exact arguments (no date) Down To Earth. Available at: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/right-against-climate-change-part-of-right-to-life-equality-read-the-supreme-court-s-exact-arguments-95458 (Accessed: 10 April 2024).

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

A Scientific Exploration in Climate Change Mitigation

Climate change understanding and mitigation is an evolving field marked by the continual reassessment of existing theories and the exploration of new ones. A prime example is the resurgence of the Biotic Pump Theory, first introduced by Anastasia Makarieva and Victor Gorshkov. Recent advances and experimental validations by researchers like Peter Bunyard have brought this theory back into the spotlight, offering fresh perspectives on its potential role in climate change mitigation.

Origin of the Biotic Pump Theory

Anastasia Makarieva, during her atmospheric physics PhD studies at St. Petersburg University, collaborated with physicist Victor Gorshkov to develop the Biotic Pump Theory. This theory posits a critical role for forests, especially rainforests, in driving atmospheric dynamics. It describes how forests facilitate the movement of humid air from oceans to continents through the process of evapotranspiration and subsequent condensation. This condensation creates a pressure drop, effectively 'sucking in' moisture-laden winds from the ocean and promoting rainfall in inland areas.

Peter Bunyard's Experimental Reinforcement

Peter Bunyard's work has been instrumental in providing empirical support for the Biotic Pump Theory. His experiments demonstrate a stronger link between water vapor condensation and airflow than previously acknowledged, suggesting a significant kinetic energy contribution from condensation in atmospheric circulation. This finding aligns with the theory’s premise that forests have the ability to modulate atmospheric pressure and humidity, thus influencing weather patterns and precipitation distribution.

"We humans inherited a global climate fit for agriculture and civilizations because life and especially the forests made it so. By our razing of forests and generalized ecosystem destruction we have cut the ground from under our feet, so to speak, and we are now facing the consequences of global warming and climate chaos." - Peter Bunyard

Image Source: Bunyard et.al., 2024

Critical Role of Forests in Earth's Climate Regulation

The research into the Biotic Pump Theory and related studies, like "Restoring the earth’s damaged temperature regulation is the fastest way out of the climate crisis. Cooling the planet with plants" offers several key insights into how plants, particularly forests, can help in cooling the planet:

1. Enhanced Evapotranspiration: Forests, with a focus on tropical rainforests, are key in evapotranspiration. This process, involving the transfer of water from the land to the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration, uses solar energy to convert water into vapor, carrying heat away from the Earth’s surface and contributing to cooling.

2. Atmospheric Dynamics Regulation: The Biotic Pump Theory underlines the importance of forests in maintaining climatic patterns. Forests aid in forming low-pressure areas through transpiration and condensation, drawing moist ocean air inland. This cycle is crucial for cloud formation, precipitation, and sustaining regional climates.

3. Carbon Sequestration: As major carbon sinks, forests play a crucial role in absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, reducing greenhouse gas concentrations and mitigating global warming, thus aiding in planetary cooling.

4. Local and Global Climate Influence: Forest ecosystems have a significant impact on local and global climates through their role in evapotranspiration, cloud formation, and precipitation. They help stabilize temperatures, moderate extreme weather, and maintain the hydrological cycle.

5. Prevention of Runaway Climate Change: The research suggests that the absence of forest ecosystems' stabilizing effects could lead to drastic climatic shifts, including widespread desertification or severe weather anomalies. Therefore, forest conservation and restoration are critical in preventing such extreme changes.

This research emphasizes the indispensable role of forests in maintaining a stable and cooler global climate, highlighting the need for forest conservation and restoration as key strategies in climate change mitigation.

Applying Practical Strategies for Climate Mitigation: A Focus on Ecosystem Restoration

Rob de Laet, an European Climate Pact Ambassador in the Netherlands and advocate for sustainable environmental practices, plays a pivotal role in pushing forward the practical application of forest-centric strategies in combating climate change. His vision encompasses the restoration and preservation of ecosystems, particularly forests, to leverage their natural ability to regulate the Earth's climate. De Laet proposes integrating these natural processes into broader climate action plans, emphasizing sustainable agriculture and reforestation as key elements. His approach seeks to merge scientific insights, like those from the Biotic Pump Theory and related research, into actionable policies and initiatives. By doing so, de Laet aims to harness the inherent capabilities of forests not only in carbon sequestration but also in maintaining climatic and atmospheric stability, thus contributing to a holistic solution for climate change mitigation. His focus on sustainable practices underscores the importance of forests in regulating the Earth’s climate, resonating with the biotic pump's mechanism of using forest-driven atmospheric changes for climate mitigation.

"If we transition degraded land or open field monoculture land to forest or agroforestry in the tropics, the additional evapotranspiration will close the Earth Energy Imbalance and stop the planet from heating up further, giving us time to complete the energy transition" - Rob de Laet

Image: Created by Dall-E 3

Scientific Implications and Challenges

The re-emergence of the Biotic Pump Theory bolstered by empirical evidence, invites a reevaluation of forests' role in climate regulation. It suggests a holistic approach to climate change mitigation, where preserving and restoring forest ecosystems forms a cornerstone strategy. However, translating this theory into practical climate action involves overcoming several scientific and logistical challenges, including integrating it into existing climate models and global policy frameworks.

Image: Rob de Laet in conversation with Poulomi Chakravarty

Conclusion

The Biotic Pump Theoryor the Biotic Pump phenomenon, revitalized through new scientific research, provides a compelling narrative about forests' role in modulating global weather and climate systems. It highlights the need for an integrated climate change mitigation strategy that includes forest conservation as a critical component. This renewed scientific perspective has the potential to significantly influence global climate policies and strategies, marking an important advancement in our understanding and response to the global climate crisis.

References

1. Makarieva, A. M., & Gorshkov, V. G. (2007). Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land. Hydrology and earth system sciences, 11(2), 1013-1033.

2. Makarieva, A. M., & Gorshkov, V. G. (2010). The biotic pump: Condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate. International Journal of Water, 5(4), 365-385.

3. Chakravarty, P., & Kumar, M. (2019). Floral species in pollution remediation and augmentation of micrometeorological conditions and microclimate: An integrated approach. In Phytomanagement of polluted sites (pp. 203-219). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813912-7.00006-5

4. Lo, A. (2023) Biotic Pump : Anastasia Makarieva interview, Biotic Pump : Anastasia Makarieva interview - by Alpha Lo. Available at: https://climatewaterproject.substack.com/p/biotic-pump-anastasia-makarieva-interview (Accessed: 01 April 2024).

5. Bunyard, P. (2015) The Biotic Pump we ignore at our peril, Resurgence. Available at: https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article4423-the-biotic-pump-we-ignore-at-our-peril.htm l (Accessed: 01 April 2024).

6. Bunyard PP, Collin E, de Laet R, et al. (2024). Restoring the earth’s damaged temperature regulation is the fastest way out of the climate crisis. Cooling the planet with plants. Int J Biosen Bioelectron. 9(1):7‒15. DOI: 10.15406/ijbsbe.2024.09.00237

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, literacy tools, initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.

Authored by Poulomi Chakravarty; Reviewed by Jacqualine Qataliña Schaeffer and Meda DeWitt

The climate crisis is real and is knocking at our doors.

In 2023, we witnessed the highest recorded temperatures, a trend that continued into 2024, as documented in the WMO's State of the Global Climate Report 2023. Acute water crisis, droughts, floods, and extreme events are experienced all over the world. Can we overcome these challenges? Speaking as someone who has worked in the field of environment and climate for a decade, I feel there are ways we can tackle the challenges by incorporating knowledges from the natural world and Indigenous traditional knowledge systems.

Image: Climate Disasters. Created using Dall-E 3

The Global Climate Association has recently developed Climate Communication Channels (3C Model). This conceptual framework facilitates the transfer of knowledge from the natural world and the Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Systems to the scientific community. It is then further adapted for educational settings, ultimately reaching learners. These knowledge flows contribute to the creation of extensive knowledge banks, aiming for the ultimate goal of nurturing climate-resilient communities where the existing knowledges from the communities are adapted by scientific and educational communities to create a climate adaptation framework that is inclusive and region specific.

The framework of Climate Communication Channels (3C Model), aligns seamlessly with the perspectives shared at the recent workshop on “Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective.” Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on 18-19th March 2024, this event further reinforced the significance and applicability of our framework in addressing current environmental challenges.

Image: Conceptual Framework of 3C Model, (Chakravarty, 2023)

Introduction to Indigenous Wisdom and Historical Context

The workshop presentation by Jackie Qataliña Schaeffer, Director of Climate Initiatives, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC) and Meda DeWitt Interim Alaska Director at The Wilderness Society is a clarion call that reverberates with our ethos: the knowledge of Indigenous communities across the globe is not ancillary but central to understanding and combating climate change. It's crucial to recognize that Indigenous knowledge systems are diverse and unique to each community, reflecting a rich tapestry of cultural understanding and environmental interaction. The insights of Jackie Qataliña Schaeffer represented the deep-rooted wisdom of 229 Alaskan tribes while Meda DeWitt recounted oration of ancestral resilience, echoing the urgent need to integrate these timeless wisdoms with modern science. Their profound understanding, illustrated by Qataliña’s observation that "They usually tell the story before an event happens,” and DeWitt’s narratives of environmental adaptability, guide us in formulating comprehensive approaches to today’s climate challenges,indicating how deeply attuned these practices are with the natural world—a profound lesson for modern societies grappling with environmental uncertainties.

Image: Jackie Qataliña during her narration at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, USA

Frontline Witnesses of Climate Change

As frontline witnesses, indigenous communities like those represented by Qataliña and DeWitt experience the direct impacts of climate change. Qataliña revealed, “Of those 229 tribes, 144 of our communities are environmentally threatened,” a stark reality for communities reliant on direct interactions with their natural surroundings for sustenance and cultural continuity. The narration by Meda DeWitt consisted of tales of ancestral migrations forced by climatic shifts in a beautiful style of oration including songs. She shared the importance of traditional ecological knowledge, emphasizing its transmission over thousands of years and its grounding in geological time.

Story of Adaptation and Migration

Reflecting on Alaska’s past, DeWitt spoke about the significant impact of ice sheets and glaciers on the land and the people. She recounted how the Tlingit people, originally Diné-based and living inland (what is now Canada/Yukon territories), experienced drastic climate change that led to the loss of traditional foods and increased mortality due to a destabilized environment. Faced with these challenges, the Tlingit community realized the necessity to relocate for survival. This led to a daring journey, where elderly women bravely traversed a river flowing under a glacier to determine a safe passage. The community prepared for this migration by cleaning and deconstructing their village, leaving it as clean as possible. Two young men were sent to observe the women’s journey from over the glacier. As the women embarked on their perilous journey, the community sang a grieving song, recognizing the potential sacrifice of the women and the gravity of their situation.

The Successful Migration and Cultural Healing

Upon successfully navigating under the glacier and reaching the coast, the women signaled the rest of the community, who then followed with their belongings. On the coast, they encountered other communities and began a process of healing and rejuvenation. A particular song, which roughly translates to “come out and be in joy,” was sung to uplift the community’s spirits.

Image: Meda DeWitt during her oration at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, USA

Lessons from Traditional Ecological Knowledge

DeWitt highlighted the traditional ecological knowledge and experiences of indigenous communities across Alaska, including insights on past warm periods, sea level changes, and the location of ancient communities. These stories of migration and adaptation are not new to indigenous peoples, though current challenges are intensified by human contributions to climate change and geopolitical boundaries.

Adaptation of Traditional Knowledge Systems with Modern Science and Technology

The speakers discussed the dynamic adaptation of traditional practices. Qataliña addressed historical dismissals of indigenous knowledge, stating, “This is starting to change as scientists are beginning to recognize the value of indigenous knowledge and working alongside indigenous communities.” Her words underscore a shift towards inclusive scientific practices. The 3C model resonates deeply with the themes highlighted by the speakers. It seeks to bridge traditional indigenous practices with modern scientific understanding, creating a space where wisdom from both worlds is valued and integrated. As Qataliña points out, the adaptation of these practices within current regulatory frameworks showcases the need for innovative solutions that respect and preserve traditional knowledge. Her observation of the growing appreciation for indigenous knowledge in scientific circles aligns with the *3C model’*s objective of fostering collaborative and inclusive practices. This model serves as a conduit, ensuring that indigenous insights are not only acknowledged but actively incorporated into our collective response to environmental challenges.

The Power of Collaboration Qataliña highlighted collaborative efforts yielding new insights, particularly in the Arctic. She stated, “We have knowledge, intimate knowledge of ice systems,” illustrating the depth of indigenous understanding in enhancing scientific models. DeWitt expressed the belief that while reversing climate change might not be possible, mitigating its effects is within reach. She emphasized humanity’s internal journey to examine and change consumption patterns and behaviors that contribute to environmental imbalance. Citing indigenous values and the need for global cooperation, she called for a collective effort to evolve and thrive amid these challenges.

Conclusion: A United Front for Climate Resilience and Adaptation

The powerful voices of Jackie Qataliña and Meda DeWitt present an undeniable case for the integration of indigenous wisdom in climate action. Their narratives strengthen our commitment to inclusive climate action. Echoing Qataliña’s sentiment, “This is about saving humanity. It’s not about one area on this planet,” recognizing the universal importance of these collaborative efforts. We as a collective should pledge to ensure that such rich, time-honored wisdom is a central part of our strategy, as we journey towards sustainable and resilient futures.In embracing the wisdom shared by Jackie Qataliña and Meda DeWitt, alongside the application of frameworks such as the 3C model, we are reminded of the power of unity in diversity. Their insights, woven into our collective efforts, illuminate a path towards a more resilient and sustainable future, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary science for the betterment of our global community.

Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Jacqualine Qataliña Schaeffer, Director of Climate Initiatives at Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and Meda DeWitt, Interim Alaska Director, The Wilderness Society, Alaska, USA.

Acknowledgements:

The author extends heartfelt gratitude to The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies), USA for hosting the enlightening workshop on “Climate Change and Human Migration: An Earth Systems Science Perspective.” which sparked the inspiration for this article. Sincere appreciation is also extended to Jackie and Meda for their valuable contribution of time and insights in reviewing the article, ensuring an authentic representation of their perspectives.

References

1. W.M.O. (March 2024), State of the global climate 2023. Available at: https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68835-state-of-the-global-climate-2023 (Accessed: 20 March 2024).

2. Chakravarty, P. (2023) “Climate Communication Channels, AI, and Indigenous Wisdom: A Triad Approach for Adaptation In the Era of Global Boiling.” Colorado University Scholar Libraries. DOI https://doi.org/10.25810/wq39-sp67

3. Chakravarty, P. (2023) “Climate Communication Channels: An Innovative Approach Integrating AI/ML and Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Extreme Weather Events Prediction and Mitigation in Coastal Regions” at the TROPMET 2023: National Symposium on Changing Dynamics of Arid Region and Impact on Weather and Climate over Indian Subcontinent, held on November 22-24, 2023 India, published in University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 10.25810/ffmf-mj86

Please visit the official website of Global Climate Association for more interesting information on climate science, literacy tools,initiatives and narratives at https://globalclimateassociation.org/.